{"section":{"filename":"s2109.html","chapter":"2100","section_number":"2109","title":"Inventorship","revision_tag":"R-01.2024","bytes":79455,"sha256":"1fdb48bb3626c83aaf8862754d62623389c5638aa92cd033474a986980d89bb5","subsection_count":0,"max_depth":0,"subsections":[]},"quality":"structured","cited_authorities":{"file_section":"2109","cases":[{"key":"case:687f.2d459","slug":"in-re-debaun","short_name":"In re DeBaun","canonical_citation":"In re DeBaun, 687 F.2d 459, 214 USPQ 933 (CCPA 1982)","decision_year":1982,"court":"CCPA","holding_summary":"The inventor of an element per se and the inventor of that element in a combination may differ, and combination claims do not evidence inventorship of unclaimed individual elements; an inventor's own work cannot be applied against the application absent a statutory time bar.","holding_confidence":"high","mentions":2,"propositions":["inventor of an element and inventor of that element in a combination may differ","no requirement that the inventor be the one to reduce the invention to practice"]},{"key":"case:5uspq2d1477","slug":"driscoll-v-cebalo","short_name":"Driscoll v. Cebalo","canonical_citation":"Driscoll v. Cebalo, 5 USPQ2d 1477 (Bd. Pat. Inter. 1982)","decision_year":1982,"court":"Bd. Pat. Inter.","holding_summary":"The party or parties who execute the inventor's oath or declaration in an application are presumed to be the inventors.","holding_confidence":"high","mentions":1,"propositions":["parties executing the inventor oath/declaration are presumed to be the inventors"]},{"key":"case:408f.2d1396","slug":"in-re-facius","short_name":"In re Facius","canonical_citation":"In re Facius, 408 F.2d 1396, 161 USPQ 294 (CCPA 1969)","decision_year":1969,"court":"CCPA","holding_summary":"A reference by a different inventive entity is prima facie evidence of invention \"by another,\" but a reference disclosing the inventor's own work may be overcome by affidavit showing derivation from the inventor; combination claims do not evidence inventorship of individual elements not separately claimed.","holding_confidence":"high","mentions":1,"propositions":[]},{"key":"case:193uspq627","slug":"brader-v-schaeffer","short_name":"Brader v. Schaeffer","canonical_citation":"Brader v. Schaeffer, 193 USPQ 627 (Bd. Pat. Inter. 1976)","decision_year":1976,"court":"Bd. Pat. Inter.","holding_summary":"In an inventorship correction, when there is no disagreement, the inventors' own word is normally taken as to who the actual inventors are.","holding_confidence":"high","mentions":1,"propositions":["as between inventors, their word is normally taken as to who are the actual inventors"]},{"key":"case:984f.2d1164","slug":"fiers-v-revel","short_name":"Fiers v. Revel","canonical_citation":"Fiers v. Revel, 984 F.2d 1164, 25 USPQ2d 1601 (Fed. Cir. 1993)","decision_year":1993,"court":"Fed. Cir.","holding_summary":"Inventorship turns on conception, to which reduction to practice is irrelevant except where conception and reduction to practice occur simultaneously; conception of a substance requires a structural or equivalent definition, not merely a process for making it, and written description of a genus requires more than similar generic language.","holding_confidence":"high","mentions":1,"propositions":["reduction to practice irrelevant to inventorship except for simultaneous conception and reduction"]},{"key":"case:223uspq1122","slug":"in-re-hardee","short_name":"In re Hardee","canonical_citation":"In re Hardee, 223 USPQ 1122 (Comm'r Pat. 1984)","decision_year":1984,"court":"Comm'r Pat.","holding_summary":"Inventorship turns on who conceived the invention; unless a person contributes to conception he is not an inventor, and reduction to practice is by itself irrelevant to defining an inventor.","holding_confidence":"high","mentions":1,"propositions":["one must contribute to conception of the invention to be an inventor"]},{"key":"case:888f.3d1362","slug":"in-re-verhoef","short_name":"In re VerHoef","canonical_citation":"In re VerHoef, 888 F.3d 1362, 126 F.2d 1561 (Fed. Cir. 2018)","decision_year":2018,"court":"Fed. Cir.","holding_summary":"A person who shares in the conception of a claimed invention is a joint inventor; pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 102(f) requires correct inventorship be named, and an applicant's own affidavit showing he did not solely invent the claimed subject matter supports rejection.","holding_confidence":"high","mentions":1,"propositions":["one who shares in conception of a claimed invention is a joint inventor"]},{"key":"case:333f.3d1330","slug":"board-of-education-ex-rel-board-of-trustees-of-florida-state-univ-v-american-bio","short_name":"Board of Education ex rel. Board of Trustees of Florida State Univ. v. American Bioscience Inc.","canonical_citation":"Board of Education ex rel. Board of Trustees of Florida State Univ. v. American Bioscience Inc., 333 F.3d 1330, 67 USPQ2d 1252 (Fed. Cir. 2003)","decision_year":2003,"court":"Fed. Cir.","holding_summary":"Invention requires conception; an inventor of chemical compounds must have conceived the specific compounds claimed, and general knowledge of the anticipated biological properties of groups of complex chemical compounds is insufficient to confer inventorship of specifically claimed compounds.","holding_confidence":"high","mentions":1,"propositions":["inventor of chemical compounds must conceive the specific compounds claimed"]},{"key":"case:215uspq545","slug":"ex-parte-smernoff","short_name":"Ex parte Smernoff","canonical_citation":"Ex parte Smernoff, 215 USPQ 545 (Bd. App. 1982)","decision_year":1982,"court":"Bd. App.","holding_summary":"One who suggests only an idea of a result to be accomplished, rather than the means of accomplishing it, is not a coinventor.","holding_confidence":"high","mentions":1,"propositions":["one who suggests an idea of a result, not the means of accomplishing it, is not a coinventor"]},{"key":"case:21uspq2d1737","slug":"fritsch-v-lin-1991","short_name":"Fritsch v. Lin","canonical_citation":"Fritsch v. Lin, 21 USPQ2d 1737 (Bd. Pat. App. & Inter. 1991)","decision_year":1991,"court":"Bd. Pat. App. & Inter.","holding_summary":"An inventor need not personally reduce the invention to practice or carry out every process step; it is not essential for the inventor to perform steps whose implementation does not require the exercise of inventive skill.","holding_confidence":"high","mentions":1,"propositions":["inventor need not personally carry out process steps not requiring inventive skill"]},{"key":"case:530f.2d1391","slug":"mattor-v-coolegem","short_name":"Mattor v. Coolegem","canonical_citation":"Mattor v. Coolegem, 530 F.2d 1391, 189 USPQ 201 (CCPA 1976)","decision_year":1976,"court":"CCPA","holding_summary":"One who merely follows the oral instructions of another in carrying out work is viewed as merely a technician, not an inventor.","holding_confidence":"high","mentions":1,"propositions":["one following oral instructions is viewed as merely a technician"]},{"key":"case:188uspq260","slug":"tucker-v-naito","short_name":"Tucker v. Naito","canonical_citation":"Tucker v. Naito, 188 USPQ 260 (Bd. Pat. Inter. 1975)","decision_year":1975,"court":"Bd. Pat. Inter.","holding_summary":"Inventors need not personally construct and test their invention; reduction to practice may be carried out by others on the inventor's behalf.","holding_confidence":"high","mentions":1,"propositions":["inventors need not personally construct and test their invention"]},{"key":"case:81f.2d250","slug":"davis-v-carrier","short_name":"Davis v. Carrier","canonical_citation":"Davis v. Carrier, 81 F.2d 250, 28 USPQ 227 (CCPA 1936)","decision_year":1936,"court":"CCPA","holding_summary":"A person whose work is merely that of a skilled mechanic carrying out the details of a plan devised by another is not an inventor.","holding_confidence":"high","mentions":1,"propositions":["noninventor's work was merely that of a skilled mechanic carrying out another's plan"]},{"key":"case:43f.4th1207","slug":"thaler-v-vidal","short_name":"Thaler v. Vidal","canonical_citation":"Thaler v. Vidal, 43 F.4th 1207 (Fed. Cir. 2022)","decision_year":2022,"court":"Fed. Cir.","holding_summary":"Under the Patent Act, an inventor must be an individual, i.e., a natural person; the statute consistently defines inventors and joint inventors as individuals.","holding_confidence":"high","mentions":1,"propositions":["under the Patent Act an inventor must be an individual (natural person)"]},{"key":"case:734f.3d1315","slug":"univ-of-utah-v-max-planck-gesellschaft-zur-forderung-der-wissenschaften-e-v","short_name":"Univ. of Utah v. Max-Planck-Gesellschaft zur Forderung der Wissenschaften E.V.","canonical_citation":"Univ. of Utah v. Max-Planck-Gesellschaft zur Forderung der Wissenschaften E.V., 734 F.3d 1315, 107 USPQ2d 1989 (Fed. Cir. 2013)","decision_year":2013,"court":"Fed. Cir.","holding_summary":"Inventors named on a patent or patent application must be natural persons; corporations and sovereigns cannot be inventors.","holding_confidence":"high","mentions":1,"propositions":["inventors must be natural persons, not corporations or sovereigns"]},{"key":"case:990f.2d1237","slug":"beech-aircraft-corp-v-edo-corp","short_name":"Beech Aircraft Corp. v. EDO Corp.","canonical_citation":"Beech Aircraft Corp. v. EDO Corp., 990 F.2d 1237, 26 USPQ2d 1572 (Fed. Cir. 1993)","decision_year":1993,"court":"Fed. Cir.","holding_summary":"Only natural persons can be inventors, and for pre-September 16, 2012 applications, ownership of a patent or application initially vests in the named inventors.","holding_confidence":"high","mentions":1,"propositions":["only natural persons can be inventors"]}],"statutes":[{"key":"us_usc:35:120","slug":"35-usc-120","canonical_citation":"35 U.S.C. 120","mentions":5},{"key":"us_usc:35:100","slug":"35-usc-100","canonical_citation":"35 U.S.C. 100","mentions":4},{"key":"us_cfr:37:1.41","slug":"37-cfr-1-41","canonical_citation":"37 CFR 1.41","mentions":3},{"key":"us_cfr:37:1.63","slug":"37-cfr-1-63","canonical_citation":"37 CFR 1.63","mentions":3},{"key":"us_usc:35:112","slug":"35-usc-112","canonical_citation":"35 U.S.C. 112","mentions":3},{"key":"us_usc:35:119","slug":"35-usc-119","canonical_citation":"35 U.S.C. 119","mentions":2},{"key":"us_cfr:37:1.48","slug":"37-cfr-1-48","canonical_citation":"37 CFR 1.48","mentions":2},{"key":"us_usc:35:115","slug":"35-usc-115","canonical_citation":"35 U.S.C. 115","mentions":2},{"key":"us_usc:35:102","slug":"35-usc-102","canonical_citation":"35 U.S.C. 102","mentions":2},{"key":"us_usc:35:111","slug":"35-usc-111","canonical_citation":"35 U.S.C. 111","mentions":2},{"key":"us_usc:35:101","slug":"35-usc-101","canonical_citation":"35 U.S.C. 101","mentions":1},{"key":"us_cfr:37:1.64","slug":"37-cfr-1-64","canonical_citation":"37 CFR 1.64","mentions":1},{"key":"us_usc:35:116","slug":"35-usc-116","canonical_citation":"35 U.S.C. 116","mentions":1},{"key":"us_cfr:37:1.78","slug":"37-cfr-1-78","canonical_citation":"37 CFR 1.78","mentions":1},{"key":"us_cfr:37:1.76","slug":"37-cfr-1-76","canonical_citation":"37 CFR 1.76","mentions":1}],"cross_references":[{"key":"mpep:211","section_number":"211","title":"Claiming the Benefit of an Earlier Filing Date Under 35 U.S.C. 120 and 119(e)","exists":true,"mentions":1},{"key":"mpep:213","section_number":"213","title":"Right of Priority of Foreign Application","exists":true,"mentions":1},{"key":"mpep:602","section_number":"602","title":"Oaths and Declarations","exists":true,"mentions":4},{"key":"mpep:2136","section_number":"2136","title":"Pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 102(e)","exists":true,"mentions":1},{"key":"mpep:2137","section_number":"2137","title":"Pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 102(f)","exists":true,"mentions":1},{"key":"mpep:2138","section_number":"2138","title":"Pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 102(g)","exists":true,"mentions":1},{"key":"mpep:2153","section_number":"2153","title":"Prior Art Exceptions Under 35 U.S.C. 102(b)(1) to AIA 35 U.S.C. 102(a)(1)","exists":true,"mentions":1},{"key":"mpep:2157","section_number":"2157","title":"Improper Naming of Inventors","exists":true,"mentions":1}],"form_paragraphs":[]},"structured_data":{"nodes":[{"id":"se_4yxpkguw","node_type":"section","corpus_id":"mpep-e9r01-2024-html","opaque_url":"https://mpep.io/n/se_4yxpkguw","effective_range":{"start_revision":"R-01.2024","end_revision":null},"rendered_text_html":"","rendered_text_plain":"","provenance":{"source_file":"s2109.html","source_anchor":"ch2100_d2c183_22374_28b","source_sha256":"1fdb48bb3626c83aaf8862754d62623389c5638aa92cd033474a986980d89bb5"},"akn_urn":"/akn/us/statement/manual/uspto/2024/mpep/eng@2024-02-29!sec_2109","canonical_url":"https://mpep.io/akn/us/statement/manual/uspto/2024/mpep/eng@2024-02-29!sec_2109","section_number":"2109","chapter":"2100","depth":0,"title":"Inventorship","revision_tag":"R-01.2024","children_ids":["pb_mjpu7j2s","pb_cdr4gosi","pb_wtvzpkyw","pb_lm3f2tyu","pb_7h7hghag","pb_fc5465bw","pb_2dlhbatz","pb_pcrbbfjj","pb_si63diiv","pb_tci53ltv","pb_ycnvaiqr","pb_cwfqgf5r","pb_jqjdcfof","pb_3ie7ldsr","pb_brkkpimo","pb_m4wrl653","pb_c4h3vy44","pb_afysdiue","pb_wj3mbfsd","pb_ipgvnkpa","pb_mumgmyng","pb_dadqvgc7","pb_3omehqpf","se_7kclfvor"]},{"id":"pb_mjpu7j2s","node_type":"prose_block","corpus_id":"mpep-e9r01-2024-html","opaque_url":"https://mpep.io/n/pb_mjpu7j2s","effective_range":{"start_revision":"R-01.2024","end_revision":null},"rendered_text_html":"<p id=\"d0e206717\">The requirement that the applicant for a patent in an application filed\n                        before September 16, 2012 be the inventor(s) (except as otherwise provided in\n                        <b><a href=\"mpep-9020-appx-r.html#d0e317666\">pre-AIA 37 CFR\n                              1.41</a></b>), and that the inventor or each joint inventor be identified in\n                        applications filed on or after September 16, 2012, are characteristics of U.S. patent law\n                        not generally shared by other countries. Consequently, foreign applicants may misunderstand\n                        U.S. law regarding naming of the actual inventors causing an error in the inventorship of a\n                        U.S. application that may claim priority to a previous foreign application under\n                        <b><a href=\"mpep-9015-appx-l.html#d0e302921\">35 U.S.C.\n                              119</a></b>. A request under <b><a href=\"mpep-9020-appx-r.html#d0e317930\">37 CFR 1.48</a></b> is required to correct any\n                        error in the inventorship in the U.S. application as filed. See <b><a href=\"s602.html#d0e4830ss602\">MPEP § 602.01(c)</a></b><i>et seq.</i> Foreign applicants may need to be reminded of the requirement\n                        for the same inventor or at least one common joint inventor between a U.S. application and\n                        a <b><a href=\"mpep-9015-appx-l.html#d0e302921\">35 U.S.C.\n                              119</a></b> priority application. See <b><a href=\"s213.html#ch200_d1ff72_1b289_213\">MPEP §\n                              213.02</a></b>, subsection II. \n                     </p>","rendered_text_plain":"The requirement that the applicant for a patent in an application filed before September 16, 2012 be the inventor(s) (except as otherwise provided in pre-AIA 37 CFR 1.41), and that the inventor or each joint inventor be identified in applications filed on or after September 16, 2012, are characteristics of U.S. patent law not generally shared by other countries. Consequently, foreign applicants may misunderstand U.S. law regarding naming of the actual inventors causing an error in the inventorship of a U.S. application that may claim priority to a previous foreign application under 35 U.S.C. 119. A request under 37 CFR 1.48 is required to correct any error in the inventorship in the U.S. application as filed. See MPEP § 602.01(c)et seq. Foreign applicants may need to be reminded of the requirement for the same inventor or at least one common joint inventor between a U.S. application and a 35 U.S.C. 119 priority application. See MPEP § 213.02, subsection II.","provenance":{"source_file":"s2109.html","source_anchor":"d0e206717","source_sha256":"1fdb48bb3626c83aaf8862754d62623389c5638aa92cd033474a986980d89bb5"},"kind":"narrative","host_section_id":"se_4yxpkguw"},{"id":"pb_cdr4gosi","node_type":"prose_block","corpus_id":"mpep-e9r01-2024-html","opaque_url":"https://mpep.io/n/pb_cdr4gosi","effective_range":{"start_revision":"R-01.2024","end_revision":null},"rendered_text_html":"<p id=\"d0e206735\">If a determination is made that the inventive entity named in a U.S.\n                        application is not correct, such as when a request under <b><a href=\"mpep-9020-appx-r.html#d0e317930\">37 CFR 1.48(a)</a></b> is not\n                        granted or is not entered for technical reasons, but the admission therein regarding the\n                        error in inventorship is uncontroverted, a rejection should be made on this basis. See\n                        <b><a href=\"s2157.html#ch2100_d20034_1bb92_e7\">MPEP §\n                              2157</a></b> for rejections under <b><a href=\"mpep-9015-appx-l.html#d0e302376\">35 U.S.C. 101</a></b> and <b><a href=\"mpep-9015-appx-l.html#d0e302875912\">35 U.S.C. 115</a></b>, and\n                        <b><a href=\"s2137.html#d0e206570\">MPEP §\n                              2137</a></b> for rejections under <b><a href=\"mpep-9015-appx-l.html#d0e302383\">pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 102(f)</a></b> (for\n                        applications subject to <b><a href=\"mpep-9015-appx-l.html#d0e302383\">pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 102</a></b>), for failure to set forth the correct\n                        inventorship.\n                     </p>","rendered_text_plain":"If a determination is made that the inventive entity named in a U.S. application is not correct, such as when a request under 37 CFR 1.48(a) is not granted or is not entered for technical reasons, but the admission therein regarding the error in inventorship is uncontroverted, a rejection should be made on this basis. See MPEP § 2157 for rejections under 35 U.S.C. 101 and 35 U.S.C. 115, and MPEP § 2137 for rejections under pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 102(f) (for applications subject to pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 102), for failure to set forth the correct inventorship.","provenance":{"source_file":"s2109.html","source_anchor":"d0e206735","source_sha256":"1fdb48bb3626c83aaf8862754d62623389c5638aa92cd033474a986980d89bb5"},"kind":"narrative","host_section_id":"se_4yxpkguw"},{"id":"pb_wtvzpkyw","node_type":"prose_block","corpus_id":"mpep-e9r01-2024-html","opaque_url":"https://mpep.io/n/pb_wtvzpkyw","effective_range":{"start_revision":"R-01.2024","end_revision":null},"rendered_text_html":"<b id=\"\">I.</b><b id=\"\"> NAMING INVENTORSHIP</b>","rendered_text_plain":"I. NAMING INVENTORSHIP","provenance":{"source_file":"s2109.html","source_anchor":"ch2100_d2c183_22374_28b/b.0","source_sha256":"1fdb48bb3626c83aaf8862754d62623389c5638aa92cd033474a986980d89bb5"},"kind":"informal_heading","host_section_id":"se_4yxpkguw","heading_level":2,"heading_text":"I. NAMING INVENTORSHIP"},{"id":"pb_lm3f2tyu","node_type":"prose_block","corpus_id":"mpep-e9r01-2024-html","opaque_url":"https://mpep.io/n/pb_lm3f2tyu","effective_range":{"start_revision":"R-01.2024","end_revision":null},"rendered_text_html":"<p id=\"ch2100_d2002e_1b0d7_1f4\">The inventor, or each individual who is a joint inventor\n                        of a claimed invention, in an application for patent (other than a provisional\n                        application) must execute an oath or declaration directed to the application, except as\n                        provided for in <b><a href=\"mpep-9020-appx-r.html#aia_d0e319924\">37\n                              CFR 1.64</a></b>. See <b><a href=\"s602.html#ch600_d1ff64_24f27_297\">MPEP § 602.01</a></b> for detailed\n                        information pertaining to naming the inventor. See <b><a href=\"s602.html#ch600_d1ff64_29e5e_a0\">MPEP §\n                              602.01(a)</a></b> for the requirements of an inventor’s oath or\n                        declaration in an application filed on or after September 16, 2012. See\n                        <b><a href=\"s602.html#ch600_d1ffbe_2a437_2a7\">MPEP §\n                              602.01(b)</a></b> for the requirements of an original oath or\n                        declaration in an application filed before September 16, 2012.\n                     </p>","rendered_text_plain":"The inventor, or each individual who is a joint inventor of a claimed invention, in an application for patent (other than a provisional application) must execute an oath or declaration directed to the application, except as provided for in 37 CFR 1.64. See MPEP § 602.01 for detailed information pertaining to naming the inventor. See MPEP § 602.01(a) for the requirements of an inventor’s oath or declaration in an application filed on or after September 16, 2012. See MPEP § 602.01(b) for the requirements of an original oath or declaration in an application filed before September 16, 2012.","provenance":{"source_file":"s2109.html","source_anchor":"ch2100_d2002e_1b0d7_1f4","source_sha256":"1fdb48bb3626c83aaf8862754d62623389c5638aa92cd033474a986980d89bb5"},"kind":"narrative","host_section_id":"se_4yxpkguw"},{"id":"pb_7h7hghag","node_type":"prose_block","corpus_id":"mpep-e9r01-2024-html","opaque_url":"https://mpep.io/n/pb_7h7hghag","effective_range":{"start_revision":"R-01.2024","end_revision":null},"rendered_text_html":"<p id=\"d0e206748\">For applications filed before September 16, 2012, <b><a href=\"mpep-9020-appx-r.html#d0e317678\">pre-AIA 37 CFR\n                              1.41(a)(1)</a></b> defines the inventorship of a nonprovisional\n                        application as that inventorship set forth in the oath or declaration filed to comply\n                        with the requirements of <b><a href=\"mpep-9020-appx-r.html#d0e319759\">pre-AIA 37 CFR 1.63</a></b>, except as\n                        otherwise provided. Thus the party or parties executing an oath or declaration under\n                        <b><a href=\"mpep-9020-appx-r.html#d0e319759\">pre-AIA 37 CFR\n                              1.63</a></b> are presumed to be the inventors. <i>Driscoll v.\n                           Cebalo,</i> 5 USPQ2d 1477, 1481 (Bd. Pat. Inter. 1982); <i>In re\n                           DeBaun,</i> 687 F.2d 459, 463, 214 USPQ 933, 936 (CCPA 1982) (The inventor of\n                        an element, <i>per se,</i> and the inventor of that element as used in a\n                        combination may differ. “The existence of combination claims does not evidence\n                        inventorship by the patentee of the individual elements or subcombinations thereof if\n                        the latter are not separately claimed apart from the combination.” (quoting <i>In\n                           re Facius,</i> 408 F.2d 1396, 1406, 161 USPQ 294, 301 (CCPA 1969) (emphasis in\n                        original)); <i>Brader v. Schaeffer,</i> 193 USPQ 627, 631 (Bd. Pat. Inter.\n                        1976) (in regard to an inventorship correction: “[a]s between inventors their word is\n                        normally taken as to who are the actual inventors” when there is no disagreement). \n                     </p>","rendered_text_plain":"For applications filed before September 16, 2012, pre-AIA 37 CFR 1.41(a)(1) defines the inventorship of a nonprovisional application as that inventorship set forth in the oath or declaration filed to comply with the requirements of pre-AIA 37 CFR 1.63, except as otherwise provided. Thus the party or parties executing an oath or declaration under pre-AIA 37 CFR 1.63 are presumed to be the inventors. Driscoll v. Cebalo, 5 USPQ2d 1477, 1481 (Bd. Pat. Inter. 1982); In re DeBaun, 687 F.2d 459, 463, 214 USPQ 933, 936 (CCPA 1982) (The inventor of an element, per se, and the inventor of that element as used in a combination may differ. “The existence of combination claims does not evidence inventorship by the patentee of the individual elements or subcombinations thereof if the latter are not separately claimed apart from the combination.” (quoting In re Facius, 408 F.2d 1396, 1406, 161 USPQ 294, 301 (CCPA 1969) (emphasis in original)); Brader v. Schaeffer, 193 USPQ 627, 631 (Bd. Pat. Inter. 1976) (in regard to an inventorship correction: “[a]s between inventors their word is normally taken as to who are the actual inventors” when there is no disagreement).","provenance":{"source_file":"s2109.html","source_anchor":"d0e206748","source_sha256":"1fdb48bb3626c83aaf8862754d62623389c5638aa92cd033474a986980d89bb5"},"kind":"narrative","host_section_id":"se_4yxpkguw"},{"id":"pb_fc5465bw","node_type":"prose_block","corpus_id":"mpep-e9r01-2024-html","opaque_url":"https://mpep.io/n/pb_fc5465bw","effective_range":{"start_revision":"R-01.2024","end_revision":null},"rendered_text_html":"<b id=\"\">II.</b><b id=\"\"> AN INVENTOR MUST CONTRIBUTE TO THE CONCEPTION OF THE INVENTION</b>","rendered_text_plain":"II. AN INVENTOR MUST CONTRIBUTE TO THE CONCEPTION OF THE INVENTION","provenance":{"source_file":"s2109.html","source_anchor":"ch2100_d2c183_22374_28b/b.2","source_sha256":"1fdb48bb3626c83aaf8862754d62623389c5638aa92cd033474a986980d89bb5"},"kind":"informal_heading","host_section_id":"se_4yxpkguw","heading_level":2,"heading_text":"II. AN INVENTOR MUST CONTRIBUTE TO THE CONCEPTION OF THE INVENTION"},{"id":"pb_2dlhbatz","node_type":"prose_block","corpus_id":"mpep-e9r01-2024-html","opaque_url":"https://mpep.io/n/pb_2dlhbatz","effective_range":{"start_revision":"R-01.2024","end_revision":null},"rendered_text_html":"<p id=\"d0e206773\">The definition for inventorship can be simply stated: “The threshold\n                        question in determining inventorship is who conceived the invention. Unless a person\n                        contributes to the conception of the invention, he is not an inventor. … Insofar as\n                        defining an inventor is concerned, reduction to practice, <i>per se,</i> is\n                        irrelevant [except for simultaneous conception and reduction to practice, <i>Fiers\n                           v. Revel,</i> 984 F.2d 1164, 1168, 25 USPQ2d 1601, 1604-05 (Fed. Cir. 1993)].\n                        One must contribute to the conception to be an inventor.” <i>In re\n                           Hardee,</i> 223 USPQ 1122, 1123 (Comm’r Pat. 1984). A person who shares in the\n                        conception of a claimed invention is a joint inventor of that invention. <i>In re\n                           VerHoef,</i> 888 F.3d 1362, 1366-67, 126 F.2d 1561, 1564-65 (Fed. Cir. 2018).\n                        See also <i>Board of Education ex rel. Board of Trustees of Florida State Univ. v.\n                           American Bioscience Inc.,</i> 333 F.3d 1330, 1340, 67 USPQ2d 1252, 1259 (Fed.\n                        Cir. 2003) (“Invention requires conception.” With regard to the inventorship of chemical\n                        compounds, an inventor must have a conception of the specific compounds being claimed.\n                        “[G]eneral knowledge regarding the anticipated biological properties of groups of\n                        complex chemical compounds is insufficient to confer inventorship status with respect to\n                        specifically claimed compounds.”); <i>Ex parte Smernoff,</i> 215 USPQ 545,\n                        547 (Bd. App. 1982) (“one who suggests an idea of a result to be accomplished,\n                        rather than the means of accomplishing it, is not an coinventor”). See\n                        <b><a href=\"s2138.html#d0e207607\">MPEP\n                              § 2138.04</a></b> - <b><a href=\"s2138.html#d0e207753\">§ 2138.05</a></b> for a discussion of what\n                        evidence is required to establish conception or reduction to practice. \n                     </p>","rendered_text_plain":"The definition for inventorship can be simply stated: “The threshold question in determining inventorship is who conceived the invention. Unless a person contributes to the conception of the invention, he is not an inventor. … Insofar as defining an inventor is concerned, reduction to practice, per se, is irrelevant [except for simultaneous conception and reduction to practice, Fiers v. Revel, 984 F.2d 1164, 1168, 25 USPQ2d 1601, 1604-05 (Fed. Cir. 1993)]. One must contribute to the conception to be an inventor.” In re Hardee, 223 USPQ 1122, 1123 (Comm’r Pat. 1984). A person who shares in the conception of a claimed invention is a joint inventor of that invention. In re VerHoef, 888 F.3d 1362, 1366-67, 126 F.2d 1561, 1564-65 (Fed. Cir. 2018). See also Board of Education ex rel. Board of Trustees of Florida State Univ. v. American Bioscience Inc., 333 F.3d 1330, 1340, 67 USPQ2d 1252, 1259 (Fed. Cir. 2003) (“Invention requires conception.” With regard to the inventorship of chemical compounds, an inventor must have a conception of the specific compounds being claimed. “[G]eneral knowledge regarding the anticipated biological properties of groups of complex chemical compounds is insufficient to confer inventorship status with respect to specifically claimed compounds.”); Ex parte Smernoff, 215 USPQ 545, 547 (Bd. App. 1982) (“one who suggests an idea of a result to be accomplished, rather than the means of accomplishing it, is not an coinventor”). See MPEP § 2138.04 - § 2138.05 for a discussion of what evidence is required to establish conception or reduction to practice.","provenance":{"source_file":"s2109.html","source_anchor":"d0e206773","source_sha256":"1fdb48bb3626c83aaf8862754d62623389c5638aa92cd033474a986980d89bb5"},"kind":"narrative","host_section_id":"se_4yxpkguw"},{"id":"pb_pcrbbfjj","node_type":"prose_block","corpus_id":"mpep-e9r01-2024-html","opaque_url":"https://mpep.io/n/pb_pcrbbfjj","effective_range":{"start_revision":"R-01.2024","end_revision":null},"rendered_text_html":"<b id=\"\">III.</b><b id=\"\"> THE INVENTOR IS NOT REQUIRED TO REDUCE THE INVENTION TO PRACTICE</b>","rendered_text_plain":"III. THE INVENTOR IS NOT REQUIRED TO REDUCE THE INVENTION TO PRACTICE","provenance":{"source_file":"s2109.html","source_anchor":"ch2100_d2c183_22374_28b/b.4","source_sha256":"1fdb48bb3626c83aaf8862754d62623389c5638aa92cd033474a986980d89bb5"},"kind":"informal_heading","host_section_id":"se_4yxpkguw","heading_level":2,"heading_text":"III. THE INVENTOR IS NOT REQUIRED TO REDUCE THE INVENTION TO PRACTICE"},{"id":"pb_si63diiv","node_type":"prose_block","corpus_id":"mpep-e9r01-2024-html","opaque_url":"https://mpep.io/n/pb_si63diiv","effective_range":{"start_revision":"R-01.2024","end_revision":null},"rendered_text_html":"<p id=\"d0e206826\">Difficulties arise in separating members of a team effort, where each\n                        member of the team has contributed something, into those members that actually\n                        contributed to the conception of the invention, such as the physical structure or\n                        operative steps, from those members that merely acted under the direction and\n                        supervision of the conceivers. <i>Fritsch v. Lin,</i> 21 USPQ2d 1737, 1739\n                        (Bd. Pat. App. &amp; Inter. 1991) (The inventor “took no part in developing the\n                        procedures…for expressing the EPO gene in mammalian host cells and isolating the\n                        resulting EPO product.” However, “it is not essential for the inventor to be personally\n                        involved in carrying out process steps…where implementation of those steps does not\n                        require the exercise of inventive skill.”); <i>In re DeBaun,</i> 687 F.2d\n                        459, 463, 214 USPQ 933, 936 (CCPA 1982) (“there is no requirement that the inventor be\n                        the one to reduce the invention to practice so long as the reduction to practice was\n                        done on his behalf”).\n                     </p>","rendered_text_plain":"Difficulties arise in separating members of a team effort, where each member of the team has contributed something, into those members that actually contributed to the conception of the invention, such as the physical structure or operative steps, from those members that merely acted under the direction and supervision of the conceivers. Fritsch v. Lin, 21 USPQ2d 1737, 1739 (Bd. Pat. App. & Inter. 1991) (The inventor “took no part in developing the procedures…for expressing the EPO gene in mammalian host cells and isolating the resulting EPO product.” However, “it is not essential for the inventor to be personally involved in carrying out process steps…where implementation of those steps does not require the exercise of inventive skill.”); In re DeBaun, 687 F.2d 459, 463, 214 USPQ 933, 936 (CCPA 1982) (“there is no requirement that the inventor be the one to reduce the invention to practice so long as the reduction to practice was done on his behalf”).","provenance":{"source_file":"s2109.html","source_anchor":"d0e206826","source_sha256":"1fdb48bb3626c83aaf8862754d62623389c5638aa92cd033474a986980d89bb5"},"kind":"narrative","host_section_id":"se_4yxpkguw"},{"id":"pb_tci53ltv","node_type":"prose_block","corpus_id":"mpep-e9r01-2024-html","opaque_url":"https://mpep.io/n/pb_tci53ltv","effective_range":{"start_revision":"R-01.2024","end_revision":null},"rendered_text_html":"<p id=\"d0e206835\">See also <i>Mattor</i><i>v.</i><i>Coolegem,</i> 530 F.2d 1391, 1395, 189 USPQ 201, 204 (CCPA 1976) (one\n                        following oral instructions is viewed as merely a technician); <i>Tucker v.\n                           Naito,</i> 188 USPQ 260, 263 (Bd. Pat. Inter. 1975) (inventors need not\n                        “personally construct and test their invention”); <i>Davis</i><i>v.</i><i>Carrier,</i> 81 F.2d 250, 252, 28 USPQ 227, 229 (CCPA 1936)\n                        (noninventor’s work was merely that of a skilled mechanic carrying out the details of a\n                        plan devised by another). \n                     </p>","rendered_text_plain":"See also Mattorv.Coolegem, 530 F.2d 1391, 1395, 189 USPQ 201, 204 (CCPA 1976) (one following oral instructions is viewed as merely a technician); Tucker v. Naito, 188 USPQ 260, 263 (Bd. Pat. Inter. 1975) (inventors need not “personally construct and test their invention”); Davisv.Carrier, 81 F.2d 250, 252, 28 USPQ 227, 229 (CCPA 1936) (noninventor’s work was merely that of a skilled mechanic carrying out the details of a plan devised by another).","provenance":{"source_file":"s2109.html","source_anchor":"d0e206835","source_sha256":"1fdb48bb3626c83aaf8862754d62623389c5638aa92cd033474a986980d89bb5"},"kind":"narrative","host_section_id":"se_4yxpkguw"},{"id":"pb_ycnvaiqr","node_type":"prose_block","corpus_id":"mpep-e9r01-2024-html","opaque_url":"https://mpep.io/n/pb_ycnvaiqr","effective_range":{"start_revision":"R-01.2024","end_revision":null},"rendered_text_html":"<b id=\"\">IV.</b><b id=\"\"> JOINT INVENTORSHIP</b>","rendered_text_plain":"IV. JOINT INVENTORSHIP","provenance":{"source_file":"s2109.html","source_anchor":"ch2100_d2c183_22374_28b/b.6","source_sha256":"1fdb48bb3626c83aaf8862754d62623389c5638aa92cd033474a986980d89bb5"},"kind":"informal_heading","host_section_id":"se_4yxpkguw","heading_level":2,"heading_text":"IV. JOINT INVENTORSHIP"},{"id":"pb_cwfqgf5r","node_type":"prose_block","corpus_id":"mpep-e9r01-2024-html","opaque_url":"https://mpep.io/n/pb_cwfqgf5r","effective_range":{"start_revision":"R-01.2024","end_revision":null},"rendered_text_html":"<p id=\"ch2100_p_2c1f9_275bc_323\">Pursuant to <b><a href=\"mpep-9015-appx-l.html#d0e302886912\">35 U.S.C. 116</a></b>, “[w]hen an invention\n                        is made by two or more persons jointly, they shall apply for patent jointly and each\n                        make the required oath, except as otherwise provided in this title. Inventors may apply\n                        for a patent jointly even though (1) they did not physically work together or at the\n                        same time, (2) each did not make the same type or amount of contribution, or (3) each\n                        did not make a contribution to the subject matter of every claim of the patent.” \n                     </p>","rendered_text_plain":"Pursuant to 35 U.S.C. 116, “[w]hen an invention is made by two or more persons jointly, they shall apply for patent jointly and each make the required oath, except as otherwise provided in this title. Inventors may apply for a patent jointly even though (1) they did not physically work together or at the same time, (2) each did not make the same type or amount of contribution, or (3) each did not make a contribution to the subject matter of every claim of the patent.”","provenance":{"source_file":"s2109.html","source_anchor":"ch2100_p_2c1f9_275bc_323","source_sha256":"1fdb48bb3626c83aaf8862754d62623389c5638aa92cd033474a986980d89bb5"},"kind":"narrative","host_section_id":"se_4yxpkguw"},{"id":"pb_jqjdcfof","node_type":"prose_block","corpus_id":"mpep-e9r01-2024-html","opaque_url":"https://mpep.io/n/pb_jqjdcfof","effective_range":{"start_revision":"R-01.2024","end_revision":null},"rendered_text_html":"<p id=\"ch2100_p_2c191_1fdcb_ae\">The inventive entity for a particular application is\n                        based on some contribution to at least one of the claims made by each of the named joint\n                        inventors. See <b><a href=\"s2109.01.html#ch2100_d2c1f8_278a7_1e6\">MPEP § 2109.01</a></b> for a detailed\n                        discussion of the requirements for joint inventorship. See <b><a href=\"s602.html#ch600_d1ff6a_1ba4a_ff\">MPEP §\n                              602.09</a></b> regarding inquiries about the inventorship of each\n                        claimed invention and regarding correction of inventorship when an application is\n                        amended such that one (or more) of the named joint inventors is no longer a joint\n                        inventor of the subject matter of any claim remaining in the application. \n                     </p>","rendered_text_plain":"The inventive entity for a particular application is based on some contribution to at least one of the claims made by each of the named joint inventors. See MPEP § 2109.01 for a detailed discussion of the requirements for joint inventorship. See MPEP § 602.09 regarding inquiries about the inventorship of each claimed invention and regarding correction of inventorship when an application is amended such that one (or more) of the named joint inventors is no longer a joint inventor of the subject matter of any claim remaining in the application.","provenance":{"source_file":"s2109.html","source_anchor":"ch2100_p_2c191_1fdcb_ae","source_sha256":"1fdb48bb3626c83aaf8862754d62623389c5638aa92cd033474a986980d89bb5"},"kind":"narrative","host_section_id":"se_4yxpkguw"},{"id":"pb_3ie7ldsr","node_type":"prose_block","corpus_id":"mpep-e9r01-2024-html","opaque_url":"https://mpep.io/n/pb_3ie7ldsr","effective_range":{"start_revision":"R-01.2024","end_revision":null},"rendered_text_html":"<b id=\"\">V.</b><b id=\"\"> INVENTORSHIP “BY ANOTHER”</b>","rendered_text_plain":"V. INVENTORSHIP “BY ANOTHER”","provenance":{"source_file":"s2109.html","source_anchor":"ch2100_d2c183_22374_28b/b.8","source_sha256":"1fdb48bb3626c83aaf8862754d62623389c5638aa92cd033474a986980d89bb5"},"kind":"informal_heading","host_section_id":"se_4yxpkguw","heading_level":2,"heading_text":"V. INVENTORSHIP “BY ANOTHER”"},{"id":"pb_brkkpimo","node_type":"prose_block","corpus_id":"mpep-e9r01-2024-html","opaque_url":"https://mpep.io/n/pb_brkkpimo","effective_range":{"start_revision":"R-01.2024","end_revision":null},"rendered_text_html":"<p id=\"d0e206957\">Inventorship is generally “by another” where there are different\n                        inventive entities and there is at least one inventor that is not in common. For\n                        information relating to inventorship by “another” involving different inventive entities\n                        with at least one inventor in common, see <b><a href=\"s2153.html#ch2100_d20033_24e66_2ac\">MPEP §\n                              2153.01(a)</a></b> for applications subject to examination under the\n                        first inventor to file (FITF) provisions of the AIA, and <b><a href=\"s2136.html#d0e206254\">MPEP § 2136.04</a></b> for\n                        applications subject to examination under pre-AIA law.\n                     </p>","rendered_text_plain":"Inventorship is generally “by another” where there are different inventive entities and there is at least one inventor that is not in common. For information relating to inventorship by “another” involving different inventive entities with at least one inventor in common, see MPEP § 2153.01(a) for applications subject to examination under the first inventor to file (FITF) provisions of the AIA, and MPEP § 2136.04 for applications subject to examination under pre-AIA law.","provenance":{"source_file":"s2109.html","source_anchor":"d0e206957","source_sha256":"1fdb48bb3626c83aaf8862754d62623389c5638aa92cd033474a986980d89bb5"},"kind":"narrative","host_section_id":"se_4yxpkguw"},{"id":"pb_m4wrl653","node_type":"prose_block","corpus_id":"mpep-e9r01-2024-html","opaque_url":"https://mpep.io/n/pb_m4wrl653","effective_range":{"start_revision":"R-01.2024","end_revision":null},"rendered_text_html":"<b id=\"\">VI.</b><b id=\"\"> EXAMINATION OF CONTINUING APPLICATION COMMONLY OWNED WITH ABANDONED PARENT\n                        APPLICATION TO WHICH BENEFIT IS CLAIMED UNDER 35 U.S.C. 120</b>","rendered_text_plain":"VI. EXAMINATION OF CONTINUING APPLICATION COMMONLY OWNED WITH ABANDONED PARENT APPLICATION TO WHICH BENEFIT IS CLAIMED UNDER 35 U.S.C. 120","provenance":{"source_file":"s2109.html","source_anchor":"ch2100_d2c183_22374_28b/b.10","source_sha256":"1fdb48bb3626c83aaf8862754d62623389c5638aa92cd033474a986980d89bb5"},"kind":"informal_heading","host_section_id":"se_4yxpkguw","heading_level":2,"heading_text":"VI. EXAMINATION OF CONTINUING APPLICATION COMMONLY OWNED WITH ABANDONED PARENT APPLICATION TO WHICH BENEFIT IS CLAIMED UNDER 35 U.S.C. 120"},{"id":"pb_c4h3vy44","node_type":"prose_block","corpus_id":"mpep-e9r01-2024-html","opaque_url":"https://mpep.io/n/pb_c4h3vy44","effective_range":{"start_revision":"R-01.2024","end_revision":null},"rendered_text_html":"<p id=\"d0e63383\">An application claiming the benefit of a prior filed copending national\n                        or international application under <b><a href=\"mpep-9015-appx-l.html#d0e303023313\">35 U.S.C. 120</a></b> must name as an\n                        inventor at least one inventor named in the prior filed application. The prior filed\n                        application must also disclose the named inventor’s invention claimed in at least one\n                        claim of the later filed application in the manner provided by <b><a href=\"mpep-9015-appx-l.html#al_d1d85b_2ae60_3d5\">35 U.S.C.\n                              112(a)</a></b> for applications filed on or after September 16, 2012, or\n                        <b><a href=\"mpep-9015-appx-l.html#d0e302824\">35 U.S.C.\n                              112</a></b>, first paragraph for applications filed prior to September 16,\n                        2012. This practice contrasts with the practice in effect prior to November 8, 1984 (the\n                        date of enactment of Public Law 98-622) where the inventorship entity in each of the\n                        applications was required to be the same for benefit under <b><a href=\"mpep-9015-appx-l.html#d0e303023313\">35 U.S.C.\n                              120</a></b>.\n                     </p>","rendered_text_plain":"An application claiming the benefit of a prior filed copending national or international application under 35 U.S.C. 120 must name as an inventor at least one inventor named in the prior filed application. The prior filed application must also disclose the named inventor’s invention claimed in at least one claim of the later filed application in the manner provided by 35 U.S.C. 112(a) for applications filed on or after September 16, 2012, or 35 U.S.C. 112, first paragraph for applications filed prior to September 16, 2012. This practice contrasts with the practice in effect prior to November 8, 1984 (the date of enactment of Public Law 98-622) where the inventorship entity in each of the applications was required to be the same for benefit under 35 U.S.C. 120.","provenance":{"source_file":"s2109.html","source_anchor":"d0e63383","source_sha256":"1fdb48bb3626c83aaf8862754d62623389c5638aa92cd033474a986980d89bb5"},"kind":"narrative","host_section_id":"se_4yxpkguw"},{"id":"pb_afysdiue","node_type":"prose_block","corpus_id":"mpep-e9r01-2024-html","opaque_url":"https://mpep.io/n/pb_afysdiue","effective_range":{"start_revision":"R-01.2024","end_revision":null},"rendered_text_html":"<p id=\"d0e63395\">So long as the applications have at least one inventor in common and the\n                        other requirements are met, the Office will permit a claim for <b><a href=\"mpep-9015-appx-l.html#d0e303023313\">35 U.S.C. 120</a></b>\n                        benefit without any additional submissions or notifications from applicants regarding\n                        inventorship differences.\n                     </p>","rendered_text_plain":"So long as the applications have at least one inventor in common and the other requirements are met, the Office will permit a claim for 35 U.S.C. 120 benefit without any additional submissions or notifications from applicants regarding inventorship differences.","provenance":{"source_file":"s2109.html","source_anchor":"d0e63395","source_sha256":"1fdb48bb3626c83aaf8862754d62623389c5638aa92cd033474a986980d89bb5"},"kind":"narrative","host_section_id":"se_4yxpkguw"},{"id":"pb_wj3mbfsd","node_type":"prose_block","corpus_id":"mpep-e9r01-2024-html","opaque_url":"https://mpep.io/n/pb_wj3mbfsd","effective_range":{"start_revision":"R-01.2024","end_revision":null},"rendered_text_html":"<p id=\"d0e63401\">In addition to the normal examination conducted by the examiner, the\n                        examiner must examine the earlier filed application to determine if the earlier and\n                        later applications have at least one inventor in common and that the other\n                        <b><a href=\"mpep-9015-appx-l.html#d0e303023313\">35 U.S.C.\n                              120</a></b> and <b><a href=\"mpep-9020-appx-r.html#aia_d0e320662\">37 CFR 1.78</a></b> requirements are met.\n                        See <b><a href=\"s211.html#ch200_d1ff71_1bd25_18b\">MPEP §\n                              211</a></b><i>et seq.</i> The claim for <b><a href=\"mpep-9015-appx-l.html#d0e303023313\">35 U.S.C. 120</a></b> benefit will be\n                        permitted without examination of the earlier application for disclosure and support of\n                        at least one claim of the later filed application under <b><a href=\"mpep-9015-appx-l.html#al_d1d85b_2ae60_3d5\">35 U.S.C.\n                              112</a></b> unless it becomes necessary to do so, for example, because of\n                        an intervening reference.\n                     </p>","rendered_text_plain":"In addition to the normal examination conducted by the examiner, the examiner must examine the earlier filed application to determine if the earlier and later applications have at least one inventor in common and that the other 35 U.S.C. 120 and 37 CFR 1.78 requirements are met. See MPEP § 211et seq. The claim for 35 U.S.C. 120 benefit will be permitted without examination of the earlier application for disclosure and support of at least one claim of the later filed application under 35 U.S.C. 112 unless it becomes necessary to do so, for example, because of an intervening reference.","provenance":{"source_file":"s2109.html","source_anchor":"d0e63401","source_sha256":"1fdb48bb3626c83aaf8862754d62623389c5638aa92cd033474a986980d89bb5"},"kind":"narrative","host_section_id":"se_4yxpkguw"},{"id":"pb_ipgvnkpa","node_type":"prose_block","corpus_id":"mpep-e9r01-2024-html","opaque_url":"https://mpep.io/n/pb_ipgvnkpa","effective_range":{"start_revision":"R-01.2024","end_revision":null},"rendered_text_html":"<b id=\"\">VII.</b><b id=\"\"> AN INVENTOR OR JOINT INVENTOR MUST BE A\n                        NATURAL PERSON</b>","rendered_text_plain":"VII. AN INVENTOR OR JOINT INVENTOR MUST BE A NATURAL PERSON","provenance":{"source_file":"s2109.html","source_anchor":"ch2100_d2c183_22374_28b/b.12","source_sha256":"1fdb48bb3626c83aaf8862754d62623389c5638aa92cd033474a986980d89bb5"},"kind":"informal_heading","host_section_id":"se_4yxpkguw","heading_level":2,"heading_text":"VII. AN INVENTOR OR JOINT INVENTOR MUST BE A NATURAL PERSON"},{"id":"pb_mumgmyng","node_type":"prose_block","corpus_id":"mpep-e9r01-2024-html","opaque_url":"https://mpep.io/n/pb_mumgmyng","effective_range":{"start_revision":"R-01.2024","end_revision":null},"rendered_text_html":"<p id=\"ch2100_p_35bcd_211cc_132\">“The Patent Act expressly provides that inventors are\n                        ‘individuals.’ Since 2011, with the passage of the Leahy-Smith America Invents Act, the\n                        Patent Act has defined an ‘inventor’ as the <i>‘individual’</i> or, if a\n                        joint invention, the <i>individuals</i> collectively who invented or\n                        discovered the subject matter of the invention.’ <b><a href=\"mpep-9015-appx-l.html#d0e302367313\">35 U.S.C. 100(f)</a></b> (emphasis added).\n                        The Act similarly defines ‘joint inventor and ‘coinventor’ as ‘any 1 of the individuals\n                        who invented or discovered the subject matter of a joint invention.’ <b><a href=\"mpep-9015-appx-l.html#al_d1d85b_11e0c_133\">§\n                              100(g)</a></b>(emphasis added). In describing the statements required of an\n                        inventor when applying for a patent, the statute consistently refers to inventors and\n                        co-inventors as ‘individuals.’” <i>Thaler v. Vidal,</i> 43 F.4th 1207, 1211\n                        (Fed. Cir. 2022).\n                     </p>","rendered_text_plain":"“The Patent Act expressly provides that inventors are ‘individuals.’ Since 2011, with the passage of the Leahy-Smith America Invents Act, the Patent Act has defined an ‘inventor’ as the ‘individual’ or, if a joint invention, the individuals collectively who invented or discovered the subject matter of the invention.’ 35 U.S.C. 100(f) (emphasis added). The Act similarly defines ‘joint inventor and ‘coinventor’ as ‘any 1 of the individuals who invented or discovered the subject matter of a joint invention.’ § 100(g)(emphasis added). In describing the statements required of an inventor when applying for a patent, the statute consistently refers to inventors and co-inventors as ‘individuals.’” Thaler v. Vidal, 43 F.4th 1207, 1211 (Fed. Cir. 2022).","provenance":{"source_file":"s2109.html","source_anchor":"ch2100_p_35bcd_211cc_132","source_sha256":"1fdb48bb3626c83aaf8862754d62623389c5638aa92cd033474a986980d89bb5"},"kind":"narrative","host_section_id":"se_4yxpkguw"},{"id":"pb_dadqvgc7","node_type":"prose_block","corpus_id":"mpep-e9r01-2024-html","opaque_url":"https://mpep.io/n/pb_dadqvgc7","effective_range":{"start_revision":"R-01.2024","end_revision":null},"rendered_text_html":"<p id=\"ch2100_p_35bcd_21181_2e1\"><b><a href=\"mpep-9015-appx-l.html#d0e302875912\">35 U.S.C. 115</a></b> requires that an\n                        application filed under <b><a href=\"mpep-9015-appx-l.html#pltd0e302678aia\">35 U.S.C. 111(a)</a></b> shall include the\n                        name of the inventor or inventors. <b><a href=\"mpep-9015-appx-l.html#d0e302367313\">35 U.S.C. 100(f)</a></b> defines the term\n                        “inventor” as the individual or, if a joint invention, the individuals collectively who\n                        invented or discovered the subject matter of the invention. <b><a href=\"mpep-9015-appx-l.html#al_d1d85b_11e0c_133\">35 U.S.C.\n                              100(g)</a></b> defines the terms “joint inventor” and “coinventor” as any\n                        one of the individuals who invented or discovered the subject matter of a joint\n                        invention. As provided in <b><a href=\"mpep-9020-appx-r.html#aia_d0e317757\">37 CFR 1.41(b)</a></b>, an applicant may\n                        name the inventorship of a non-provisional application under <b><a href=\"mpep-9015-appx-l.html#pltd0e302678aia\">35 U.S.C.\n                              111(a)</a></b> in the Application Data Sheet in accordance with\n                        <b><a href=\"mpep-9020-appx-r.html#plt_d0e320348\">37 CFR\n                              1.76</a></b>, or in the inventor’s oath or declaration in accordance with\n                        <b><a href=\"mpep-9020-appx-r.html#aia_d0e319759\">37 CFR\n                              1.63</a></b>. See <b><a href=\"s602.html#ch600_d1ff64_24f27_297\">MPEP § 602.01</a></b>.\n                     </p>","rendered_text_plain":"35 U.S.C. 115 requires that an application filed under 35 U.S.C. 111(a) shall include the name of the inventor or inventors. 35 U.S.C. 100(f) defines the term “inventor” as the individual or, if a joint invention, the individuals collectively who invented or discovered the subject matter of the invention. 35 U.S.C. 100(g) defines the terms “joint inventor” and “coinventor” as any one of the individuals who invented or discovered the subject matter of a joint invention. As provided in 37 CFR 1.41(b), an applicant may name the inventorship of a non-provisional application under 35 U.S.C. 111(a) in the Application Data Sheet in accordance with 37 CFR 1.76, or in the inventor’s oath or declaration in accordance with 37 CFR 1.63. See MPEP § 602.01.","provenance":{"source_file":"s2109.html","source_anchor":"ch2100_p_35bcd_21181_2e1","source_sha256":"1fdb48bb3626c83aaf8862754d62623389c5638aa92cd033474a986980d89bb5"},"kind":"narrative","host_section_id":"se_4yxpkguw"},{"id":"pb_3omehqpf","node_type":"prose_block","corpus_id":"mpep-e9r01-2024-html","opaque_url":"https://mpep.io/n/pb_3omehqpf","effective_range":{"start_revision":"R-01.2024","end_revision":null},"rendered_text_html":"<p id=\"ch2100_p_3ab81_1b525_244\">The inventor or joint inventors named on a patent or\n                        patent application must be a natural person, i.e., a human being. See <i>Univ. of\n                           Utah v. Max-Planck-Gesellschaft zur Forderung der Wissenschaften E.V.,</i> 734\n                        F.3d 1315, 1323, 107 USPQ2d 1989, 1994 (Fed. Cir. 2013) (”[I]nventors must be natural\n                        persons and cannot be corporations or sovereigns.”) (emphasis added); <i>Beech\n                           Aircraft Corp. v. EDO Corp.,</i> 990 F.2d 1237, 1248, 26 USPQ2d 1572, 1581\n                        (Fed. Cir. 1993) (”[O]nly natural persons can be ‘inventors.’”).\n                     </p>","rendered_text_plain":"The inventor or joint inventors named on a patent or patent application must be a natural person, i.e., a human being. See Univ. of Utah v. Max-Planck-Gesellschaft zur Forderung der Wissenschaften E.V., 734 F.3d 1315, 1323, 107 USPQ2d 1989, 1994 (Fed. Cir. 2013) (”[I]nventors must be natural persons and cannot be corporations or sovereigns.”) (emphasis added); Beech Aircraft Corp. v. EDO Corp., 990 F.2d 1237, 1248, 26 USPQ2d 1572, 1581 (Fed. Cir. 1993) (”[O]nly natural persons can be ‘inventors.’”).","provenance":{"source_file":"s2109.html","source_anchor":"ch2100_p_3ab81_1b525_244","source_sha256":"1fdb48bb3626c83aaf8862754d62623389c5638aa92cd033474a986980d89bb5"},"kind":"narrative","host_section_id":"se_4yxpkguw"},{"id":"cs_rnvfbjsp","node_type":"case","corpus_id":"mpep-e9r01-2024-html","opaque_url":"https://mpep.io/n/cs_rnvfbjsp","effective_range":{"start_revision":"R-01.2024","end_revision":null},"rendered_text_html":"","rendered_text_plain":"Driscoll v. Cebalo, 5 USPQ2d 1477 (Bd. Pat. Inter. 1982)","provenance":{"source_file":"s2109.html","source_anchor":"","source_sha256":"1fdb48bb3626c83aaf8862754d62623389c5638aa92cd033474a986980d89bb5"},"short_name":"Driscoll v. Cebalo","canonical_citation":"Driscoll v. Cebalo, 5 USPQ2d 1477 (Bd. Pat. Inter. 1982)","all_citations":["5 USPQ2d 1477"],"decision_year":1982,"court":"Bd. Pat. Inter.","holding_summary":null,"holding_reviewer":null},{"id":"cs_nj3sx54h","node_type":"case","corpus_id":"mpep-e9r01-2024-html","opaque_url":"https://mpep.io/n/cs_nj3sx54h","effective_range":{"start_revision":"R-01.2024","end_revision":null},"rendered_text_html":"","rendered_text_plain":"In re DeBaun, 687 F.2d 459, 214 USPQ 933 (CCPA 1982)","provenance":{"source_file":"s2109.html","source_anchor":"","source_sha256":"1fdb48bb3626c83aaf8862754d62623389c5638aa92cd033474a986980d89bb5"},"short_name":"In re DeBaun","canonical_citation":"In re DeBaun, 687 F.2d 459, 214 USPQ 933 (CCPA 1982)","all_citations":["687 F.2d 459","214 USPQ 933"],"decision_year":1982,"court":"CCPA","holding_summary":null,"holding_reviewer":null},{"id":"cs_um7taju4","node_type":"case","corpus_id":"mpep-e9r01-2024-html","opaque_url":"https://mpep.io/n/cs_um7taju4","effective_range":{"start_revision":"R-01.2024","end_revision":null},"rendered_text_html":"","rendered_text_plain":"In re Facius, 408 F.2d 1396, 161 USPQ 294 (CCPA 1969)","provenance":{"source_file":"s2109.html","source_anchor":"","source_sha256":"1fdb48bb3626c83aaf8862754d62623389c5638aa92cd033474a986980d89bb5"},"short_name":"In re Facius","canonical_citation":"In re Facius, 408 F.2d 1396, 161 USPQ 294 (CCPA 1969)","all_citations":["408 F.2d 1396","161 USPQ 294"],"decision_year":1969,"court":"CCPA","holding_summary":null,"holding_reviewer":null},{"id":"cs_vi3rycvp","node_type":"case","corpus_id":"mpep-e9r01-2024-html","opaque_url":"https://mpep.io/n/cs_vi3rycvp","effective_range":{"start_revision":"R-01.2024","end_revision":null},"rendered_text_html":"","rendered_text_plain":"Brader v. Schaeffer, 193 USPQ 627 (Bd. Pat. Inter. 1976)","provenance":{"source_file":"s2109.html","source_anchor":"","source_sha256":"1fdb48bb3626c83aaf8862754d62623389c5638aa92cd033474a986980d89bb5"},"short_name":"Brader v. Schaeffer","canonical_citation":"Brader v. Schaeffer, 193 USPQ 627 (Bd. Pat. Inter. 1976)","all_citations":["193 USPQ 627"],"decision_year":1976,"court":"Bd. Pat. Inter.","holding_summary":null,"holding_reviewer":null},{"id":"cs_ccunsoau","node_type":"case","corpus_id":"mpep-e9r01-2024-html","opaque_url":"https://mpep.io/n/cs_ccunsoau","effective_range":{"start_revision":"R-01.2024","end_revision":null},"rendered_text_html":"","rendered_text_plain":"Fiers v. Revel, 984 F.2d 1164, 25 USPQ2d 1601 (Fed. Cir. 1993)","provenance":{"source_file":"s2109.html","source_anchor":"","source_sha256":"1fdb48bb3626c83aaf8862754d62623389c5638aa92cd033474a986980d89bb5"},"short_name":"Fiers v. Revel","canonical_citation":"Fiers v. Revel, 984 F.2d 1164, 25 USPQ2d 1601 (Fed. Cir. 1993)","all_citations":["984 F.2d 1164","25 USPQ2d 1601"],"decision_year":1993,"court":"Fed. Cir.","holding_summary":null,"holding_reviewer":null},{"id":"cs_u5vtc45h","node_type":"case","corpus_id":"mpep-e9r01-2024-html","opaque_url":"https://mpep.io/n/cs_u5vtc45h","effective_range":{"start_revision":"R-01.2024","end_revision":null},"rendered_text_html":"","rendered_text_plain":"In re Hardee, 223 USPQ 1122 (Comm'r Pat. 1984)","provenance":{"source_file":"s2109.html","source_anchor":"","source_sha256":"1fdb48bb3626c83aaf8862754d62623389c5638aa92cd033474a986980d89bb5"},"short_name":"In re Hardee","canonical_citation":"In re Hardee, 223 USPQ 1122 (Comm'r Pat. 1984)","all_citations":["223 USPQ 1122"],"decision_year":1984,"court":"Comm'r Pat.","holding_summary":null,"holding_reviewer":null},{"id":"cs_lj7qluts","node_type":"case","corpus_id":"mpep-e9r01-2024-html","opaque_url":"https://mpep.io/n/cs_lj7qluts","effective_range":{"start_revision":"R-01.2024","end_revision":null},"rendered_text_html":"","rendered_text_plain":"In re VerHoef, 888 F.3d 1362, 126 F.2d 1561 (Fed. 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Coolegem, 530 F.2d 1391, 189 USPQ 201 (CCPA 1976)","provenance":{"source_file":"s2109.html","source_anchor":"","source_sha256":"1fdb48bb3626c83aaf8862754d62623389c5638aa92cd033474a986980d89bb5"},"short_name":"Mattor v. Coolegem","canonical_citation":"Mattor v. Coolegem, 530 F.2d 1391, 189 USPQ 201 (CCPA 1976)","all_citations":["530 F.2d 1391","189 USPQ 201"],"decision_year":1976,"court":"CCPA","holding_summary":null,"holding_reviewer":null},{"id":"cs_onxhkyrx","node_type":"case","corpus_id":"mpep-e9r01-2024-html","opaque_url":"https://mpep.io/n/cs_onxhkyrx","effective_range":{"start_revision":"R-01.2024","end_revision":null},"rendered_text_html":"","rendered_text_plain":"Tucker v. Naito, 188 USPQ 260 (Bd. Pat. Inter. 1975)","provenance":{"source_file":"s2109.html","source_anchor":"","source_sha256":"1fdb48bb3626c83aaf8862754d62623389c5638aa92cd033474a986980d89bb5"},"short_name":"Tucker v. Naito","canonical_citation":"Tucker v. Naito, 188 USPQ 260 (Bd. Pat. 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