{"section":{"filename":"s2132.html","chapter":"2100","section_number":"2132","title":"Pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 102(a)","revision_tag":"R-10.2019","bytes":84055,"sha256":"ed86bf6269044beffaa526f7bfd66afc1c3bc703d2d592453625ca3429efb11d","subsection_count":1,"max_depth":1,"subsections":[{"number":"2132.01","title":"Overcoming a Pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 102(a) Rejection based on a Printed Publication or Patent","revision_tag":"R-10.2019","depth":1}]},"quality":"structured","cited_authorities":{"file_section":"2132","cases":[{"key":"case:687f.2d450","slug":"in-re-katz-1982","short_name":"In re Katz","canonical_citation":"In re Katz, 687 F.2d 450, 215 USPQ 14 (CCPA 1982)","decision_year":1982,"court":"CCPA","holding_summary":"\"Others\" under pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 102(a) means any entity differing from the inventive entity by even one person; an inventor's own disclosure is not prior art against the inventor, since any other reading would negate the one-year grace period of 102(b).","holding_confidence":"high","mentions":6,"propositions":[]},{"key":"case:219uspq370","slug":"ex-parte-kroger","short_name":"Ex parte Kroger","canonical_citation":"Ex parte Kroger, 219 USPQ 370 (Bd. App. 1982)","decision_year":1982,"court":"BPAI","holding_summary":"A rejection based on a publication may stand despite the alleged inventors' declarations of sole inventorship where a nonapplicant co-author submits a letter asserting his own inventorship; such declarations alone do not establish that the applicants are the sole inventors.","holding_confidence":"high","mentions":2,"propositions":[]},{"key":"case:804f.2d135","slug":"carella-v-starlight-archery","short_name":"Carella v. Starlight Archery","canonical_citation":"Carella v. Starlight Archery, 804 F.2d 135, 231 USPQ 644 (Fed. Cir. 1986)","decision_year":1986,"court":"Fed. Cir.","holding_summary":"\"Known or used by others in this country\" under pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 102(a) means knowledge or use accessible to the public; an advertisement or mailer cannot anticipate absent evidence it was publicly received or distributed before the applicant's filing date.","holding_confidence":"high","mentions":1,"propositions":[]},{"key":"case:721f.2d1540","slug":"w-l-gore-assoc-inc-v-garlock-inc","short_name":"W.L. Gore & Assoc., Inc. v. Garlock, Inc.","canonical_citation":"W.L. Gore & Assoc., Inc. v. Garlock, Inc., 721 F.2d 1540, 220 USPQ 303 (Fed. Cir. 1983)","decision_year":1983,"court":"Fed. Cir.","holding_summary":"The obviousness decisionmaker must cast the mind back to the time of invention and avoid hindsight; distilling an invention to its 'gist' or 'thrust' violates the requirement to consider the claimed subject matter as a whole. The sale of a product before the critical date can trigger the on-sale bar, and best mode is not violated where an undisclosed mode would be used by those of ordinary skill.","holding_confidence":"high","mentions":1,"propositions":[]},{"key":"case:256f.2d321","slug":"in-re-ekenstam","short_name":"In re Ekenstam","canonical_citation":"In re Ekenstam, 256 F.2d 321, 118 USPQ 349 (CCPA 1958)","decision_year":1958,"court":"CCPA","holding_summary":"What a foreign country labels a \"patent\" does not by itself make the document available as a prior-art patent; the substance of the rights conferred and how the information is controlled is determinative.","holding_confidence":"high","mentions":1,"propositions":[]},{"key":"case:110uspq384","slug":"ex-parte-hirschler","short_name":"Ex parte Hirschler","canonical_citation":"Ex parte Hirschler, 110 USPQ 384 (Bd. App. 1952)","decision_year":1952,"court":"BPAI","holding_summary":"A co-authored publication cited against an application may be removed as a reference by disclaiming affidavits from the other authors establishing that the relevant portions originated with, or were obtained from, the inventor.","holding_confidence":"high","mentions":1,"propositions":[]},{"key":"case:859f.3d1341","slug":"emerachem-holdings-llc-v-volkswagen-grp-of-am-inc","short_name":"EmeraChem Holdings, LLC v. Volkswagen Grp. of Am., Inc.","canonical_citation":"EmeraChem Holdings, LLC v. Volkswagen Grp. of Am., Inc., 859 F.3d 1341, 123 USPQ2d 1146 (Fed. Cir. 2017)","decision_year":2017,"court":"Fed. Cir.","holding_summary":"An affidavit or declaration that is only a naked assertion of inventorship, providing no context, explanation, or evidence to support the assertion, is insufficient to establish that relied-upon subject matter was the inventor's own work.","holding_confidence":"high","mentions":1,"propositions":["finding a declaration insufficient to establish inventorship where it provided no context, explanation, or evidence"]},{"key":"case:422f.2d431","slug":"in-re-searles","short_name":"In re Searles","canonical_citation":"In re Searles, 422 F.2d 431, 164 USPQ 623 (CCPA 1970)","decision_year":1970,"court":"CCPA","holding_summary":"A rejection based on a coauthored publication may be overcome by adding the coauthors as joint inventors to the application if the requirements of 35 U.S.C. 116 are met.","holding_confidence":"high","mentions":1,"propositions":[]},{"key":"case:343f.2d980","slug":"in-re-foster","short_name":"In re Foster","canonical_citation":"In re Foster, 343 F.2d 980, 145 USPQ 166 (CCPA 1965)","decision_year":1965,"court":"CCPA","holding_summary":"A pre-AIA 102(b) statutory bar arises when the public possessed the invention more than one year before filing, and the bar extends to obvious variants of the prior art; a 37 CFR 1.131 affidavit can overcome a 102(a) rejection but not a statutory bar.","holding_confidence":"high","mentions":1,"propositions":[]},{"key":"case:408f.2d1396","slug":"in-re-facius","short_name":"In re Facius","canonical_citation":"In re Facius, 408 F.2d 1396, 161 USPQ 294 (CCPA 1969)","decision_year":1969,"court":"CCPA","holding_summary":"A reference by a different inventive entity is prima facie evidence of invention \"by another,\" but a reference disclosing the inventor's own work may be overcome by affidavit showing derivation from the inventor; combination claims do not evidence inventorship of individual elements not separately claimed.","holding_confidence":"high","mentions":1,"propositions":[]}],"statutes":[{"key":"us_usc:35:102","slug":"35-usc-102","canonical_citation":"35 U.S.C. 102","mentions":25},{"key":"us_cfr:37:1.131","slug":"37-cfr-1-131","canonical_citation":"37 CFR 1.131","mentions":6},{"key":"us_cfr:37:1.132","slug":"37-cfr-1-132","canonical_citation":"37 CFR 1.132","mentions":3},{"key":"us_usc:35:100","slug":"35-usc-100","canonical_citation":"35 U.S.C. 100","mentions":2},{"key":"us_usc:35:119","slug":"35-usc-119","canonical_citation":"35 U.S.C. 119","mentions":2},{"key":"us_usc:35:104","slug":"35-usc-104","canonical_citation":"35 U.S.C. 104","mentions":1},{"key":"us_cfr:37:41.203","slug":"37-cfr-41-203","canonical_citation":"37 CFR 41.203","mentions":1},{"key":"us_usc:35:120","slug":"35-usc-120","canonical_citation":"35 U.S.C. 120","mentions":1},{"key":"us_usc:35:116","slug":"35-usc-116","canonical_citation":"35 U.S.C. 116","mentions":1}],"cross_references":[{"key":"mpep:211","section_number":"211","title":"Claiming the Benefit of an Earlier Filing Date Under 35 U.S.C. 120 and 119(e)","exists":true,"mentions":1},{"key":"mpep:216","section_number":"216","title":"Entitlement to Priority","exists":true,"mentions":1},{"key":"mpep:715","section_number":"715","title":"Swearing Behind a Reference — Affidavit or Declaration Under 37 CFR 1.131(a)","exists":true,"mentions":3},{"key":"mpep:716","section_number":"716","title":"Affidavits or Declarations Under 37 CFR 1.132 and Other Evidence Traversing Rejections","exists":true,"mentions":1},{"key":"mpep:2126","section_number":"2126","title":"Availability of a Document as a “Patent” for Purposes of Rejection Under 35 U.S.C. 102(a) or Pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 102(a), (b), and (d)","exists":true,"mentions":1},{"key":"mpep:2128","section_number":"2128","title":"“Printed Publications” as Prior Art","exists":true,"mentions":2},{"key":"mpep:2133","section_number":"2133","title":"Pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 102(b)","exists":true,"mentions":1},{"key":"mpep:2136","section_number":"2136","title":"Pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 102(e)","exists":true,"mentions":3},{"key":"mpep:2150","section_number":"2150","title":"Examination Guidelines for 35 U.S.C. 102 and 103 as Amended by the First Inventor To File Provisions of the Leahy-Smith America Invents Act","exists":true,"mentions":2},{"key":"mpep:2152","section_number":"2152","title":"Detailed Discussion of AIA 35 U.S.C. 102(a) and (b)","exists":true,"mentions":2},{"key":"mpep:2159","section_number":"2159","title":"Applicability Date Provisions and Determining Whether an Application Is Subject to the First Inventor To File Provisions of the AIA","exists":true,"mentions":2},{"key":"mpep:2310","section_number":"2310","title":"Derivation Proceedings","exists":true,"mentions":1}],"form_paragraphs":[]},"structured_data":{"nodes":[{"id":"se_6w52j7rp","node_type":"section","corpus_id":"mpep-e9r01-2024-html","opaque_url":"https://mpep.io/n/se_6w52j7rp","effective_range":{"start_revision":"R-10.2019","end_revision":null},"rendered_text_html":"","rendered_text_plain":"","provenance":{"source_file":"s2132.html","source_anchor":"d0e203390","source_sha256":"ed86bf6269044beffaa526f7bfd66afc1c3bc703d2d592453625ca3429efb11d"},"akn_urn":"/akn/us/statement/manual/uspto/2024/mpep/eng@2024-02-29!sec_2132","canonical_url":"https://mpep.io/akn/us/statement/manual/uspto/2024/mpep/eng@2024-02-29!sec_2132","section_number":"2132","chapter":"2100","depth":0,"title":"Pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 102(a)","children_ids":["pb_hujn4qvz","sb_jid6ojpm","pb_q2ikspw6","pb_vi2fvdcf","ls_cn6p7mca","pb_onbl5k5y","pb_ftq4rbxn","pb_uit6i6g5","pb_hcts7ogf","pb_a4putdev","pb_3jxhl3og","pb_ivxzqtuh","pb_o2meaypl","pb_7aoe6rjn","pb_4sb22hcf","pb_eredm4gk","pb_kinbso46","pb_3odpx6j5","se_mjqz2cbk"],"revision_tag":"R-10.2019"},{"id":"st_chovvrcv","node_type":"statute","corpus_id":"mpep-e9r01-2024-html","opaque_url":"https://mpep.io/n/st_chovvrcv","effective_range":{"start_revision":"R-10.2019","end_revision":null},"rendered_text_html":"","rendered_text_plain":"","provenance":{"source_file":"s2132.html","source_anchor":"","source_sha256":"ed86bf6269044beffaa526f7bfd66afc1c3bc703d2d592453625ca3429efb11d"},"authority":"us_usc","authority_title_num":"35","authority_section_num":"102","subsection_path":["a"],"canonical_citation":"pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 102(a)"},{"id":"st_qlhihx44","node_type":"statute","corpus_id":"mpep-e9r01-2024-html","opaque_url":"https://mpep.io/n/st_qlhihx44","effective_range":{"start_revision":"R-10.2019","end_revision":null},"rendered_text_html":"","rendered_text_plain":"","provenance":{"source_file":"s2132.html","source_anchor":"","source_sha256":"ed86bf6269044beffaa526f7bfd66afc1c3bc703d2d592453625ca3429efb11d"},"authority":"us_usc","authority_title_num":"35","authority_section_num":"100","subsection_path":[],"canonical_citation":"35 U.S.C. 100 (note)"},{"id":"st_hjxi44mc","node_type":"statute","corpus_id":"mpep-e9r01-2024-html","opaque_url":"https://mpep.io/n/st_hjxi44mc","effective_range":{"start_revision":"R-10.2019","end_revision":null},"rendered_text_html":"","rendered_text_plain":"","provenance":{"source_file":"s2132.html","source_anchor":"","source_sha256":"ed86bf6269044beffaa526f7bfd66afc1c3bc703d2d592453625ca3429efb11d"},"authority":"us_usc","authority_title_num":"35","authority_section_num":"102","subsection_path":["a","b"],"canonical_citation":"AIA 35 U.S.C. 102(a) and (b)"},{"id":"st_sl4xrman","node_type":"statute","corpus_id":"mpep-e9r01-2024-html","opaque_url":"https://mpep.io/n/st_sl4xrman","effective_range":{"start_revision":"R-10.2019","end_revision":null},"rendered_text_html":"","rendered_text_plain":"","provenance":{"source_file":"s2132.html","source_anchor":"","source_sha256":"ed86bf6269044beffaa526f7bfd66afc1c3bc703d2d592453625ca3429efb11d"},"authority":"us_usc","authority_title_num":"35","authority_section_num":"104","subsection_path":[],"canonical_citation":"pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 104"},{"id":"st_jftolmqq","node_type":"statute","corpus_id":"mpep-e9r01-2024-html","opaque_url":"https://mpep.io/n/st_jftolmqq","effective_range":{"start_revision":"R-10.2019","end_revision":null},"rendered_text_html":"","rendered_text_plain":"","provenance":{"source_file":"s2132.html","source_anchor":"","source_sha256":"ed86bf6269044beffaa526f7bfd66afc1c3bc703d2d592453625ca3429efb11d"},"authority":"us_usc","authority_title_num":"35","authority_section_num":"102","subsection_path":["b"],"canonical_citation":"pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 102(b)"},{"id":"st_erhyeayh","node_type":"statute","corpus_id":"mpep-e9r01-2024-html","opaque_url":"https://mpep.io/n/st_erhyeayh","effective_range":{"start_revision":"R-10.2019","end_revision":null},"rendered_text_html":"","rendered_text_plain":"","provenance":{"source_file":"s2132.html","source_anchor":"","source_sha256":"ed86bf6269044beffaa526f7bfd66afc1c3bc703d2d592453625ca3429efb11d"},"authority":"us_usc","authority_title_num":"35","authority_section_num":"102","subsection_path":["e"],"canonical_citation":"pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 102(e)"},{"id":"st_f5oboo62","node_type":"statute","corpus_id":"mpep-e9r01-2024-html","opaque_url":"https://mpep.io/n/st_f5oboo62","effective_range":{"start_revision":"R-10.2019","end_revision":null},"rendered_text_html":"","rendered_text_plain":"","provenance":{"source_file":"s2132.html","source_anchor":"","source_sha256":"ed86bf6269044beffaa526f7bfd66afc1c3bc703d2d592453625ca3429efb11d"},"authority":"us_usc","authority_title_num":"35","authority_section_num":"102","subsection_path":["f"],"canonical_citation":"pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 102(f)"},{"id":"st_wrfmgtn5","node_type":"statute","corpus_id":"mpep-e9r01-2024-html","opaque_url":"https://mpep.io/n/st_wrfmgtn5","effective_range":{"start_revision":"R-10.2019","end_revision":null},"rendered_text_html":"","rendered_text_plain":"","provenance":{"source_file":"s2132.html","source_anchor":"","source_sha256":"ed86bf6269044beffaa526f7bfd66afc1c3bc703d2d592453625ca3429efb11d"},"authority":"us_usc","authority_title_num":"35","authority_section_num":"102","subsection_path":[],"canonical_citation":"pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 102"},{"id":"st_kjmjwfpb","node_type":"statute","corpus_id":"mpep-e9r01-2024-html","opaque_url":"https://mpep.io/n/st_kjmjwfpb","effective_range":{"start_revision":"R-10.2019","end_revision":null},"rendered_text_html":"","rendered_text_plain":"","provenance":{"source_file":"s2132.html","source_anchor":"","source_sha256":"ed86bf6269044beffaa526f7bfd66afc1c3bc703d2d592453625ca3429efb11d"},"authority":"us_usc","authority_title_num":"35","authority_section_num":"102","subsection_path":["b","c","d"],"canonical_citation":"pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 102(b), (c), or (d)"},{"id":"st_5xsternl","node_type":"statute","corpus_id":"mpep-e9r01-2024-html","opaque_url":"https://mpep.io/n/st_5xsternl","effective_range":{"start_revision":"R-10.2019","end_revision":null},"rendered_text_html":"","rendered_text_plain":"","provenance":{"source_file":"s2132.html","source_anchor":"","source_sha256":"ed86bf6269044beffaa526f7bfd66afc1c3bc703d2d592453625ca3429efb11d"},"authority":"us_cfr","authority_title_num":"37","authority_section_num":"1.131","subsection_path":[],"canonical_citation":"37 CFR 1.131"},{"id":"st_6fovhoei","node_type":"statute","corpus_id":"mpep-e9r01-2024-html","opaque_url":"https://mpep.io/n/st_6fovhoei","effective_range":{"start_revision":"R-10.2019","end_revision":null},"rendered_text_html":"","rendered_text_plain":"","provenance":{"source_file":"s2132.html","source_anchor":"","source_sha256":"ed86bf6269044beffaa526f7bfd66afc1c3bc703d2d592453625ca3429efb11d"},"authority":"us_cfr","authority_title_num":"37","authority_section_num":"1.131","subsection_path":["a"],"canonical_citation":"37 CFR 1.131(a)"},{"id":"st_jzb2mm2c","node_type":"statute","corpus_id":"mpep-e9r01-2024-html","opaque_url":"https://mpep.io/n/st_jzb2mm2c","effective_range":{"start_revision":"R-10.2019","end_revision":null},"rendered_text_html":"","rendered_text_plain":"","provenance":{"source_file":"s2132.html","source_anchor":"","source_sha256":"ed86bf6269044beffaa526f7bfd66afc1c3bc703d2d592453625ca3429efb11d"},"authority":"us_cfr","authority_title_num":"37","authority_section_num":"1.132","subsection_path":[],"canonical_citation":"37 CFR 1.132"},{"id":"st_3x52cslb","node_type":"statute","corpus_id":"mpep-e9r01-2024-html","opaque_url":"https://mpep.io/n/st_3x52cslb","effective_range":{"start_revision":"R-10.2019","end_revision":null},"rendered_text_html":"","rendered_text_plain":"","provenance":{"source_file":"s2132.html","source_anchor":"","source_sha256":"ed86bf6269044beffaa526f7bfd66afc1c3bc703d2d592453625ca3429efb11d"},"authority":"us_cfr","authority_title_num":"37","authority_section_num":"41.203","subsection_path":["a"],"canonical_citation":"37 CFR 41.203(a)"},{"id":"st_hvd7agcp","node_type":"statute","corpus_id":"mpep-e9r01-2024-html","opaque_url":"https://mpep.io/n/st_hvd7agcp","effective_range":{"start_revision":"R-10.2019","end_revision":null},"rendered_text_html":"","rendered_text_plain":"","provenance":{"source_file":"s2132.html","source_anchor":"","source_sha256":"ed86bf6269044beffaa526f7bfd66afc1c3bc703d2d592453625ca3429efb11d"},"authority":"us_usc","authority_title_num":"35","authority_section_num":"119","subsection_path":["a"],"canonical_citation":"35 U.S.C. 119(a)"},{"id":"st_lovk7ipw","node_type":"statute","corpus_id":"mpep-e9r01-2024-html","opaque_url":"https://mpep.io/n/st_lovk7ipw","effective_range":{"start_revision":"R-10.2019","end_revision":null},"rendered_text_html":"","rendered_text_plain":"","provenance":{"source_file":"s2132.html","source_anchor":"","source_sha256":"ed86bf6269044beffaa526f7bfd66afc1c3bc703d2d592453625ca3429efb11d"},"authority":"us_usc","authority_title_num":"35","authority_section_num":"119","subsection_path":["e"],"canonical_citation":"35 U.S.C. 119(e)"},{"id":"st_vfp4s2k5","node_type":"statute","corpus_id":"mpep-e9r01-2024-html","opaque_url":"https://mpep.io/n/st_vfp4s2k5","effective_range":{"start_revision":"R-10.2019","end_revision":null},"rendered_text_html":"","rendered_text_plain":"","provenance":{"source_file":"s2132.html","source_anchor":"","source_sha256":"ed86bf6269044beffaa526f7bfd66afc1c3bc703d2d592453625ca3429efb11d"},"authority":"us_usc","authority_title_num":"35","authority_section_num":"120","subsection_path":[],"canonical_citation":"35 U.S.C. 120"},{"id":"st_vfhtjzev","node_type":"statute","corpus_id":"mpep-e9r01-2024-html","opaque_url":"https://mpep.io/n/st_vfhtjzev","effective_range":{"start_revision":"R-10.2019","end_revision":null},"rendered_text_html":"","rendered_text_plain":"","provenance":{"source_file":"s2132.html","source_anchor":"","source_sha256":"ed86bf6269044beffaa526f7bfd66afc1c3bc703d2d592453625ca3429efb11d"},"authority":"us_usc","authority_title_num":"35","authority_section_num":"116","subsection_path":[],"canonical_citation":"35 U.S.C. 116"},{"id":"cs_pnoiaqze","node_type":"case","corpus_id":"mpep-e9r01-2024-html","opaque_url":"https://mpep.io/n/cs_pnoiaqze","effective_range":{"start_revision":"R-10.2019","end_revision":null},"rendered_text_html":"","rendered_text_plain":"Carella v. Starlight Archery, 804 F.2d 135 (Fed. Cir. 1986)","provenance":{"source_file":"s2132.html","source_anchor":"","source_sha256":"ed86bf6269044beffaa526f7bfd66afc1c3bc703d2d592453625ca3429efb11d"},"short_name":"Carella v. Starlight Archery","all_citations":["804 F.2d 135","231 USPQ 644"],"canonical_citation":"Carella v. Starlight Archery, 804 F.2d 135, 231 USPQ 644 (Fed. Cir. 1986)","decision_year":1986,"court":"Fed. Cir."},{"id":"cs_qrry6ao4","node_type":"case","corpus_id":"mpep-e9r01-2024-html","opaque_url":"https://mpep.io/n/cs_qrry6ao4","effective_range":{"start_revision":"R-10.2019","end_revision":null},"rendered_text_html":"","rendered_text_plain":"W. L. Gore & Assoc. v. Garlock, Inc., 721 F.2d 1540 (Fed. Cir. 1983)","provenance":{"source_file":"s2132.html","source_anchor":"","source_sha256":"ed86bf6269044beffaa526f7bfd66afc1c3bc703d2d592453625ca3429efb11d"},"short_name":"W. L. Gore & Assoc. v. Garlock, Inc.","all_citations":["721 F.2d 1540","220 USPQ 303"],"canonical_citation":"W. L. Gore & Assoc. v. Garlock, Inc., 721 F.2d 1540, 220 USPQ 303 (Fed. Cir. 1983)","decision_year":1983,"court":"Fed. Cir."},{"id":"cs_t5yjfqfc","node_type":"case","corpus_id":"mpep-e9r01-2024-html","opaque_url":"https://mpep.io/n/cs_t5yjfqfc","effective_range":{"start_revision":"R-10.2019","end_revision":null},"rendered_text_html":"","rendered_text_plain":"In re Ekenstam, 256 F.2d 321 (CCPA 1958)","provenance":{"source_file":"s2132.html","source_anchor":"","source_sha256":"ed86bf6269044beffaa526f7bfd66afc1c3bc703d2d592453625ca3429efb11d"},"short_name":"In re Ekenstam","all_citations":["256 F.2d 321","118 USPQ 349"],"canonical_citation":"In re Ekenstam, 256 F.2d 321, 118 USPQ 349 (CCPA 1958)","decision_year":1958,"court":"CCPA"},{"id":"cs_ewpopc3h","node_type":"case","corpus_id":"mpep-e9r01-2024-html","opaque_url":"https://mpep.io/n/cs_ewpopc3h","effective_range":{"start_revision":"R-10.2019","end_revision":null},"rendered_text_html":"","rendered_text_plain":"In re Katz, 687 F.2d 450 (CCPA 1982)","provenance":{"source_file":"s2132.html","source_anchor":"","source_sha256":"ed86bf6269044beffaa526f7bfd66afc1c3bc703d2d592453625ca3429efb11d"},"short_name":"In re Katz","all_citations":["687 F.2d 450","215 USPQ 14"],"canonical_citation":"In re Katz, 687 F.2d 450, 215 USPQ 14 (CCPA 1982)","decision_year":1982,"court":"CCPA"},{"id":"cs_crmfcmrx","node_type":"case","corpus_id":"mpep-e9r01-2024-html","opaque_url":"https://mpep.io/n/cs_crmfcmrx","effective_range":{"start_revision":"R-10.2019","end_revision":null},"rendered_text_html":"","rendered_text_plain":"Ex parte Hirschler, 110 USPQ 384 (Bd. App. 1952)","provenance":{"source_file":"s2132.html","source_anchor":"","source_sha256":"ed86bf6269044beffaa526f7bfd66afc1c3bc703d2d592453625ca3429efb11d"},"short_name":"Ex parte Hirschler","all_citations":["110 USPQ 384"],"canonical_citation":"Ex parte Hirschler, 110 USPQ 384 (Bd. App. 1952)","decision_year":1952,"court":"BPAI"},{"id":"cs_uv53nlnj","node_type":"case","corpus_id":"mpep-e9r01-2024-html","opaque_url":"https://mpep.io/n/cs_uv53nlnj","effective_range":{"start_revision":"R-10.2019","end_revision":null},"rendered_text_html":"","rendered_text_plain":"EmeraChem Holdings, LLC v. Volkswagen Grp. of Am., Inc., 859 F.3d 1341 (Fed. Cir. 2017)","provenance":{"source_file":"s2132.html","source_anchor":"","source_sha256":"ed86bf6269044beffaa526f7bfd66afc1c3bc703d2d592453625ca3429efb11d"},"short_name":"EmeraChem Holdings, LLC v. Volkswagen Grp. of Am., Inc.","all_citations":["859 F.3d 1341","123 USPQ2d 1146"],"canonical_citation":"EmeraChem Holdings, LLC v. Volkswagen Grp. of Am., Inc., 859 F.3d 1341, 123 USPQ2d 1146 (Fed. Cir. 2017)","decision_year":2017,"court":"Fed. Cir."},{"id":"cs_5u4nhe5x","node_type":"case","corpus_id":"mpep-e9r01-2024-html","opaque_url":"https://mpep.io/n/cs_5u4nhe5x","effective_range":{"start_revision":"R-10.2019","end_revision":null},"rendered_text_html":"","rendered_text_plain":"Ex parte Kroger, 219 USPQ 370 (Bd. App. 1982)","provenance":{"source_file":"s2132.html","source_anchor":"","source_sha256":"ed86bf6269044beffaa526f7bfd66afc1c3bc703d2d592453625ca3429efb11d"},"short_name":"Ex parte Kroger","all_citations":["219 USPQ 370"],"canonical_citation":"Ex parte Kroger, 219 USPQ 370 (Bd. App. 1982)","decision_year":1982,"court":"BPAI"},{"id":"cs_tfdbcxph","node_type":"case","corpus_id":"mpep-e9r01-2024-html","opaque_url":"https://mpep.io/n/cs_tfdbcxph","effective_range":{"start_revision":"R-10.2019","end_revision":null},"rendered_text_html":"","rendered_text_plain":"In re Searles, 422 F.2d 431 (CCPA 1970)","provenance":{"source_file":"s2132.html","source_anchor":"","source_sha256":"ed86bf6269044beffaa526f7bfd66afc1c3bc703d2d592453625ca3429efb11d"},"short_name":"In re Searles","all_citations":["422 F.2d 431","164 USPQ 623"],"canonical_citation":"In re Searles, 422 F.2d 431, 164 USPQ 623 (CCPA 1970)","decision_year":1970,"court":"CCPA"},{"id":"cs_spsvscjg","node_type":"case","corpus_id":"mpep-e9r01-2024-html","opaque_url":"https://mpep.io/n/cs_spsvscjg","effective_range":{"start_revision":"R-10.2019","end_revision":null},"rendered_text_html":"","rendered_text_plain":"In re Foster, 343 F.2d 980 (CCPA 1965)","provenance":{"source_file":"s2132.html","source_anchor":"","source_sha256":"ed86bf6269044beffaa526f7bfd66afc1c3bc703d2d592453625ca3429efb11d"},"short_name":"In re Foster","all_citations":["343 F.2d 980","145 USPQ 166"],"canonical_citation":"In re Foster, 343 F.2d 980, 145 USPQ 166 (CCPA 1965)","decision_year":1965,"court":"CCPA"},{"id":"cs_um7taju4","node_type":"case","corpus_id":"mpep-e9r01-2024-html","opaque_url":"https://mpep.io/n/cs_um7taju4","effective_range":{"start_revision":"R-10.2019","end_revision":null},"rendered_text_html":"","rendered_text_plain":"In re Facius, 408 F.2d 1396 (CCPA 1969)","provenance":{"source_file":"s2132.html","source_anchor":"","source_sha256":"ed86bf6269044beffaa526f7bfd66afc1c3bc703d2d592453625ca3429efb11d"},"short_name":"In re Facius","all_citations":["408 F.2d 1396","161 USPQ 294"],"canonical_citation":"In re Facius, 408 F.2d 1396, 161 USPQ 294 (CCPA 1969)","decision_year":1969,"court":"CCPA"},{"id":"pb_hujn4qvz","node_type":"prose_block","corpus_id":"mpep-e9r01-2024-html","opaque_url":"https://mpep.io/n/pb_hujn4qvz","effective_range":{"start_revision":"R-10.2019","end_revision":null},"rendered_text_html":"

[Editor Note: This MPEP section is not applicable to applications subject to examination under the first inventor to file (FITF) provisions of the AIA as set forth in 35 U.S.C. 100 (note). See MPEP § 2159 et seq. to determine whether an application is subject to examination under the FITF provisions, and MPEP § 2150 et seq. for examination of applications subject to those provisions. See MPEP § 2152 et seq. for a detailed discussion of AIA 35 U.S.C. 102(a) and (b).]

","rendered_text_plain":"[Editor Note: This MPEP section is not applicable to applications subject to examination under the first inventor to file (FITF) provisions of the AIA as set forth in 35 U.S.C. 100 (note). See MPEP § 2159 et seq. to determine whether an application is subject to examination under the FITF provisions, and MPEP § 2150 et seq. for examination of applications subject to those provisions. See MPEP § 2152 et seq. for a detailed discussion of AIA 35 U.S.C. 102(a) and (b).]","provenance":{"source_file":"s2132.html","source_anchor":"ch2100_d222e6_18b11_12a","source_sha256":"ed86bf6269044beffaa526f7bfd66afc1c3bc703d2d592453625ca3429efb11d"},"kind":"narrative","host_section_id":"se_6w52j7rp","tags":["editorial_note"]},{"id":"se_vjydiowu","node_type":"section","corpus_id":"mpep-e9r01-2024-html","opaque_url":"https://mpep.io/n/se_vjydiowu","effective_range":{"start_revision":"R-10.2019","end_revision":null},"rendered_text_html":"","rendered_text_plain":"","provenance":{"source_file":"s2132.html","source_anchor":"stub-2159","source_sha256":"ed86bf6269044beffaa526f7bfd66afc1c3bc703d2d592453625ca3429efb11d"},"akn_urn":"/akn/us/statement/manual/uspto/2024/mpep/eng@2024-02-29!sec_2159","canonical_url":"https://mpep.io/akn/us/statement/manual/uspto/2024/mpep/eng@2024-02-29!sec_2159","section_number":"2159","chapter":"2100","depth":0,"title":"Section 2159","children_ids":[]},{"id":"se_laluktzd","node_type":"section","corpus_id":"mpep-e9r01-2024-html","opaque_url":"https://mpep.io/n/se_laluktzd","effective_range":{"start_revision":"R-10.2019","end_revision":null},"rendered_text_html":"","rendered_text_plain":"","provenance":{"source_file":"s2132.html","source_anchor":"stub-2150","source_sha256":"ed86bf6269044beffaa526f7bfd66afc1c3bc703d2d592453625ca3429efb11d"},"akn_urn":"/akn/us/statement/manual/uspto/2024/mpep/eng@2024-02-29!sec_2150","canonical_url":"https://mpep.io/akn/us/statement/manual/uspto/2024/mpep/eng@2024-02-29!sec_2150","section_number":"2150","chapter":"2100","depth":0,"title":"Section 2150","children_ids":[]},{"id":"se_za4xdbh2","node_type":"section","corpus_id":"mpep-e9r01-2024-html","opaque_url":"https://mpep.io/n/se_za4xdbh2","effective_range":{"start_revision":"R-10.2019","end_revision":null},"rendered_text_html":"","rendered_text_plain":"","provenance":{"source_file":"s2132.html","source_anchor":"stub-2152","source_sha256":"ed86bf6269044beffaa526f7bfd66afc1c3bc703d2d592453625ca3429efb11d"},"akn_urn":"/akn/us/statement/manual/uspto/2024/mpep/eng@2024-02-29!sec_2152","canonical_url":"https://mpep.io/akn/us/statement/manual/uspto/2024/mpep/eng@2024-02-29!sec_2152","section_number":"2152","chapter":"2100","depth":0,"title":"Section 2152","children_ids":[]},{"id":"ls_pvbxxch5","node_type":"list","corpus_id":"mpep-e9r01-2024-html","opaque_url":"https://mpep.io/n/ls_pvbxxch5","effective_range":{"start_revision":"R-10.2019","end_revision":null},"rendered_text_html":"","rendered_text_plain":"","provenance":{"source_file":"s2132.html","source_anchor":"d0e203402","source_sha256":"ed86bf6269044beffaa526f7bfd66afc1c3bc703d2d592453625ca3429efb11d"},"enumerator_style":"alpha_lower","nesting_depth":1,"host_section_id":"se_6w52j7rp","parent_list_item_id":null,"item_ids":["li_ehvsrpm4"]},{"id":"li_ehvsrpm4","node_type":"list_item","corpus_id":"mpep-e9r01-2024-html","opaque_url":"https://mpep.io/n/li_ehvsrpm4","effective_range":{"start_revision":"R-10.2019","end_revision":null},"rendered_text_html":"
  • (a) the invention was known or used by others in this country, or patented or described in a printed publication in this or a foreign country, before the invention thereof by the applicant for a patent.
    • ","rendered_text_plain":"(a) the invention was known or used by others in this country, or patented or described in a printed publication in this or a foreign country, before the invention thereof by the applicant for a patent.","provenance":{"source_file":"s2132.html","source_anchor":"d0e203402","source_sha256":"ed86bf6269044beffaa526f7bfd66afc1c3bc703d2d592453625ca3429efb11d"},"enumerator_label":"(a)","enumerator_ordinal":0,"parent_list_id":"ls_pvbxxch5"},{"id":"sb_jid6ojpm","node_type":"statutory_block","corpus_id":"mpep-e9r01-2024-html","opaque_url":"https://mpep.io/n/sb_jid6ojpm","effective_range":{"start_revision":"R-10.2019","end_revision":null},"rendered_text_html":"","rendered_text_plain":"","provenance":{"source_file":"s2132.html","source_anchor":"d0e203394","source_sha256":"ed86bf6269044beffaa526f7bfd66afc1c3bc703d2d592453625ca3429efb11d"},"akn_urn":"/akn/us/statement/manual/uspto/2024/mpep/eng@2024-02-29!sec_2132__sb_jid6ojpm","canonical_url":"https://mpep.io/akn/us/statement/manual/uspto/2024/mpep/eng@2024-02-29!sec_2132__sb_jid6ojpm","authority":"us_usc","authority_title_num":"35","authority_section_num":"102","citation_title_text":"Pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 102","heading":"Conditions for patentability; novelty and loss of right to patent.","body_list_id":"ls_pvbxxch5","host_section_id":"se_6w52j7rp"},{"id":"pb_q2ikspw6","node_type":"prose_block","corpus_id":"mpep-e9r01-2024-html","opaque_url":"https://mpep.io/n/pb_q2ikspw6","effective_range":{"start_revision":"R-10.2019","end_revision":null},"rendered_text_html":"

    *****

    ","rendered_text_plain":"*****","provenance":{"source_file":"s2132.html","source_anchor":"d0e203394/p.0","source_sha256":"ed86bf6269044beffaa526f7bfd66afc1c3bc703d2d592453625ca3429efb11d"},"kind":"excluded_text","host_section_id":"se_6w52j7rp","tags":["edit_history:excluded"]},{"id":"pb_vi2fvdcf","node_type":"prose_block","corpus_id":"mpep-e9r01-2024-html","opaque_url":"https://mpep.io/n/pb_vi2fvdcf","effective_range":{"start_revision":"R-10.2019","end_revision":null},"rendered_text_html":"I. “KNOWN OR USED”","rendered_text_plain":"I. “KNOWN OR USED”","provenance":{"source_file":"s2132.html","source_anchor":"d0e203390/b.0","source_sha256":"ed86bf6269044beffaa526f7bfd66afc1c3bc703d2d592453625ca3429efb11d"},"kind":"informal_heading","host_section_id":"se_6w52j7rp","heading_level":2,"heading_text":"I. “KNOWN OR USED”"},{"id":"ls_cn6p7mca","node_type":"list","corpus_id":"mpep-e9r01-2024-html","opaque_url":"https://mpep.io/n/ls_cn6p7mca","effective_range":{"start_revision":"R-10.2019","end_revision":null},"rendered_text_html":"","rendered_text_plain":"","provenance":{"source_file":"s2132.html","source_anchor":"d0e203390/ul.0","source_sha256":"ed86bf6269044beffaa526f7bfd66afc1c3bc703d2d592453625ca3429efb11d"},"enumerator_style":"no_enumerator","nesting_depth":1,"host_section_id":"se_6w52j7rp","parent_list_item_id":null,"item_ids":["li_ulkny5ie"]},{"id":"li_ulkny5ie","node_type":"list_item","corpus_id":"mpep-e9r01-2024-html","opaque_url":"https://mpep.io/n/li_ulkny5ie","effective_range":{"start_revision":"R-10.2019","end_revision":null},"rendered_text_html":"
  • ","rendered_text_plain":"","provenance":{"source_file":"s2132.html","source_anchor":"d0e203390/ul.0/li.0","source_sha256":"ed86bf6269044beffaa526f7bfd66afc1c3bc703d2d592453625ca3429efb11d"},"enumerator_label":"","enumerator_ordinal":0,"parent_list_id":"ls_cn6p7mca"},{"id":"pb_onbl5k5y","node_type":"prose_block","corpus_id":"mpep-e9r01-2024-html","opaque_url":"https://mpep.io/n/pb_onbl5k5y","effective_range":{"start_revision":"R-10.2019","end_revision":null},"rendered_text_html":"A.“Known or Used” Means Publicly Known or Used","rendered_text_plain":"A. “Known or Used” Means Publicly Known or Used","provenance":{"source_file":"s2132.html","source_anchor":"d0e203390/b.2","source_sha256":"ed86bf6269044beffaa526f7bfd66afc1c3bc703d2d592453625ca3429efb11d"},"kind":"informal_heading","host_section_id":"se_6w52j7rp","heading_level":2,"heading_text":"A. “Known or Used” Means Publicly Known or Used"},{"id":"pb_ftq4rbxn","node_type":"prose_block","corpus_id":"mpep-e9r01-2024-html","opaque_url":"https://mpep.io/n/pb_ftq4rbxn","effective_range":{"start_revision":"R-10.2019","end_revision":null},"rendered_text_html":"

    “The statutory language ‘known or used by others in this country’ [pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 102(a)], means knowledge or use which is accessible to the public.” Carellav. Starlight Archery, 804 F.2d 135, 231 USPQ 644 (Fed. Cir. 1986). The knowledge or use is accessible to the public if there has been no deliberate attempt to keep it secret. W. L. Gore & Assoc. v.Garlock, Inc., 721 F.2d 1540, 220 USPQ 303 (Fed. Cir. 1983).

    ","rendered_text_plain":"“The statutory language ‘known or used by others in this country’ [pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 102(a)], means knowledge or use which is accessible to the public.” Carellav. Starlight Archery, 804 F.2d 135, 231 USPQ 644 (Fed. Cir. 1986). The knowledge or use is accessible to the public if there has been no deliberate attempt to keep it secret. W. L. Gore & Assoc. v.Garlock, Inc., 721 F.2d 1540, 220 USPQ 303 (Fed. Cir. 1983).","provenance":{"source_file":"s2132.html","source_anchor":"d0e203416","source_sha256":"ed86bf6269044beffaa526f7bfd66afc1c3bc703d2d592453625ca3429efb11d"},"kind":"narrative","host_section_id":"se_6w52j7rp"},{"id":"pb_uit6i6g5","node_type":"prose_block","corpus_id":"mpep-e9r01-2024-html","opaque_url":"https://mpep.io/n/pb_uit6i6g5","effective_range":{"start_revision":"R-10.2019","end_revision":null},"rendered_text_html":"

    See MPEP § 2128 - § 2128.02 for case law concerning public accessibility of publications.

    ","rendered_text_plain":"See MPEP § 2128 - § 2128.02 for case law concerning public accessibility of publications.","provenance":{"source_file":"s2132.html","source_anchor":"d0e203434","source_sha256":"ed86bf6269044beffaa526f7bfd66afc1c3bc703d2d592453625ca3429efb11d"},"kind":"narrative","host_section_id":"se_6w52j7rp"},{"id":"se_fa4tbzy2","node_type":"section","corpus_id":"mpep-e9r01-2024-html","opaque_url":"https://mpep.io/n/se_fa4tbzy2","effective_range":{"start_revision":"R-10.2019","end_revision":null},"rendered_text_html":"","rendered_text_plain":"","provenance":{"source_file":"s2132.html","source_anchor":"stub-2128","source_sha256":"ed86bf6269044beffaa526f7bfd66afc1c3bc703d2d592453625ca3429efb11d"},"akn_urn":"/akn/us/statement/manual/uspto/2024/mpep/eng@2024-02-29!sec_2128","canonical_url":"https://mpep.io/akn/us/statement/manual/uspto/2024/mpep/eng@2024-02-29!sec_2128","section_number":"2128","chapter":"2100","depth":0,"title":"Section 2128","children_ids":[]},{"id":"pb_hcts7ogf","node_type":"prose_block","corpus_id":"mpep-e9r01-2024-html","opaque_url":"https://mpep.io/n/pb_hcts7ogf","effective_range":{"start_revision":"R-10.2019","end_revision":null},"rendered_text_html":"B.Another’s Sale of a Product Made by a Secret Process Can Be a Pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 102(a) Public Use if the Process Can Be Determined by Examining the Product","rendered_text_plain":"B. Another’s Sale of a Product Made by a Secret Process Can Be a Pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 102(a) Public Use if the Process Can Be Determined by Examining the Product","provenance":{"source_file":"s2132.html","source_anchor":"d0e203434/b.0","source_sha256":"ed86bf6269044beffaa526f7bfd66afc1c3bc703d2d592453625ca3429efb11d"},"kind":"informal_heading","host_section_id":"se_6w52j7rp","heading_level":2,"heading_text":"B. Another’s Sale of a Product Made by a Secret Process Can Be a Pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 102(a) Public Use if the Process Can Be Determined by Examining the Product"},{"id":"pb_a4putdev","node_type":"prose_block","corpus_id":"mpep-e9r01-2024-html","opaque_url":"https://mpep.io/n/pb_a4putdev","effective_range":{"start_revision":"R-10.2019","end_revision":null},"rendered_text_html":"

    “The nonsecret use of a claimed process in the usual course of producing articles for commercial purposes is a public use.” But a secret use of the process coupled with the sale of the product does not result in a public use of the process unless the public could learn the claimed process by examining the product. Therefore, secret use of a process by another, even if the product is commercially sold, cannot result in a rejection under pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 102(a) if an examination of the product would not reveal the process. Id.

    ","rendered_text_plain":"“The nonsecret use of a claimed process in the usual course of producing articles for commercial purposes is a public use.” But a secret use of the process coupled with the sale of the product does not result in a public use of the process unless the public could learn the claimed process by examining the product. Therefore, secret use of a process by another, even if the product is commercially sold, cannot result in a rejection under pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 102(a) if an examination of the product would not reveal the process. Id.","provenance":{"source_file":"s2132.html","source_anchor":"d0e203450","source_sha256":"ed86bf6269044beffaa526f7bfd66afc1c3bc703d2d592453625ca3429efb11d"},"kind":"narrative","host_section_id":"se_6w52j7rp"},{"id":"pb_3jxhl3og","node_type":"prose_block","corpus_id":"mpep-e9r01-2024-html","opaque_url":"https://mpep.io/n/pb_3jxhl3og","effective_range":{"start_revision":"R-10.2019","end_revision":null},"rendered_text_html":"II. “IN THIS COUNTRY”","rendered_text_plain":"II. “IN THIS COUNTRY”","provenance":{"source_file":"s2132.html","source_anchor":"d0e203450/b.0","source_sha256":"ed86bf6269044beffaa526f7bfd66afc1c3bc703d2d592453625ca3429efb11d"},"kind":"informal_heading","host_section_id":"se_6w52j7rp","heading_level":2,"heading_text":"II. “IN THIS COUNTRY”"},{"id":"pb_ivxzqtuh","node_type":"prose_block","corpus_id":"mpep-e9r01-2024-html","opaque_url":"https://mpep.io/n/pb_ivxzqtuh","effective_range":{"start_revision":"R-10.2019","end_revision":null},"rendered_text_html":"Only Knowledge or Use in the U.S. Can Be Used in a Pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 102(a) Rejection","rendered_text_plain":"Only Knowledge or Use in the U.S. Can Be Used in a Pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 102(a) Rejection","provenance":{"source_file":"s2132.html","source_anchor":"d0e203450/b.2","source_sha256":"ed86bf6269044beffaa526f7bfd66afc1c3bc703d2d592453625ca3429efb11d"},"kind":"informal_heading","host_section_id":"se_6w52j7rp","heading_level":2,"heading_text":"Only Knowledge or Use in the U.S. Can Be Used in a Pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 102(a) Rejection"},{"id":"pb_o2meaypl","node_type":"prose_block","corpus_id":"mpep-e9r01-2024-html","opaque_url":"https://mpep.io/n/pb_o2meaypl","effective_range":{"start_revision":"R-10.2019","end_revision":null},"rendered_text_html":"

    The knowledge or use relied on in a pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 102(a) rejection must be knowledge or use “in this country.” Prior knowledge or use which is not present in the United States, even if widespread in a foreign country, cannot be the basis of a rejection under pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 102(a). In reEkenstam, 256 F.2d 321, 118 USPQ 349 (CCPA 1958). Note that the changes made to pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 104 by NAFTA (Public Law 103-182) and Uruguay Round Agreements Act (Public Law 103-465) do not modify the meaning of “in this country” as used in pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 102(a) and thus “in this country” means in the United States only and does not include other WTO or NAFTA member countries for purposes of pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 102(a) rejections.

    ","rendered_text_plain":"The knowledge or use relied on in a pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 102(a) rejection must be knowledge or use “in this country.” Prior knowledge or use which is not present in the United States, even if widespread in a foreign country, cannot be the basis of a rejection under pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 102(a). In reEkenstam, 256 F.2d 321, 118 USPQ 349 (CCPA 1958). Note that the changes made to pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 104 by NAFTA (Public Law 103-182) and Uruguay Round Agreements Act (Public Law 103-465) do not modify the meaning of “in this country” as used in pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 102(a) and thus “in this country” means in the United States only and does not include other WTO or NAFTA member countries for purposes of pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 102(a) rejections.","provenance":{"source_file":"s2132.html","source_anchor":"d0e203469","source_sha256":"ed86bf6269044beffaa526f7bfd66afc1c3bc703d2d592453625ca3429efb11d"},"kind":"narrative","host_section_id":"se_6w52j7rp","tags":["editorial_note"]},{"id":"pb_7aoe6rjn","node_type":"prose_block","corpus_id":"mpep-e9r01-2024-html","opaque_url":"https://mpep.io/n/pb_7aoe6rjn","effective_range":{"start_revision":"R-10.2019","end_revision":null},"rendered_text_html":"III. “BY OTHERS”","rendered_text_plain":"III. “BY OTHERS”","provenance":{"source_file":"s2132.html","source_anchor":"d0e203469/b.0","source_sha256":"ed86bf6269044beffaa526f7bfd66afc1c3bc703d2d592453625ca3429efb11d"},"kind":"informal_heading","host_section_id":"se_6w52j7rp","heading_level":2,"heading_text":"III. “BY OTHERS”"},{"id":"pb_4sb22hcf","node_type":"prose_block","corpus_id":"mpep-e9r01-2024-html","opaque_url":"https://mpep.io/n/pb_4sb22hcf","effective_range":{"start_revision":"R-10.2019","end_revision":null},"rendered_text_html":"“Others” Means Any Combination of Authors or Inventors Different From the Inventive Entity","rendered_text_plain":"“Others” Means Any Combination of Authors or Inventors Different From the Inventive Entity","provenance":{"source_file":"s2132.html","source_anchor":"d0e203469/b.2","source_sha256":"ed86bf6269044beffaa526f7bfd66afc1c3bc703d2d592453625ca3429efb11d"},"kind":"informal_heading","host_section_id":"se_6w52j7rp","heading_level":2,"heading_text":"“Others” Means Any Combination of Authors or Inventors Different From the Inventive Entity"},{"id":"pb_eredm4gk","node_type":"prose_block","corpus_id":"mpep-e9r01-2024-html","opaque_url":"https://mpep.io/n/pb_eredm4gk","effective_range":{"start_revision":"R-10.2019","end_revision":null},"rendered_text_html":"

    The term “others” in pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 102(a) refers to any entity which is different from the inventive entity. The entity need only differ by one person to be “by others.” This holds true for all types of references eligible as prior art under pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 102(a) including publications as well as public knowledge and use. Any other interpretation of pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 102(a) “would negate the one year [grace] period afforded under § 102(b).” In re Katz, 687 F.2d 450, 215 USPQ 14 (CCPA 1982).

    ","rendered_text_plain":"The term “others” in pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 102(a) refers to any entity which is different from the inventive entity. The entity need only differ by one person to be “by others.” This holds true for all types of references eligible as prior art under pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 102(a) including publications as well as public knowledge and use. Any other interpretation of pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 102(a) “would negate the one year [grace] period afforded under § 102(b).” In re Katz, 687 F.2d 450, 215 USPQ 14 (CCPA 1982).","provenance":{"source_file":"s2132.html","source_anchor":"d0e203501","source_sha256":"ed86bf6269044beffaa526f7bfd66afc1c3bc703d2d592453625ca3429efb11d"},"kind":"narrative","host_section_id":"se_6w52j7rp"},{"id":"pb_kinbso46","node_type":"prose_block","corpus_id":"mpep-e9r01-2024-html","opaque_url":"https://mpep.io/n/pb_kinbso46","effective_range":{"start_revision":"R-10.2019","end_revision":null},"rendered_text_html":"IV. “PATENTED IN THIS OR A FOREIGN COUNTRY”","rendered_text_plain":"IV. “PATENTED IN THIS OR A FOREIGN COUNTRY”","provenance":{"source_file":"s2132.html","source_anchor":"d0e203501/b.0","source_sha256":"ed86bf6269044beffaa526f7bfd66afc1c3bc703d2d592453625ca3429efb11d"},"kind":"informal_heading","host_section_id":"se_6w52j7rp","heading_level":2,"heading_text":"IV. “PATENTED IN THIS OR A FOREIGN COUNTRY”"},{"id":"pb_3odpx6j5","node_type":"prose_block","corpus_id":"mpep-e9r01-2024-html","opaque_url":"https://mpep.io/n/pb_3odpx6j5","effective_range":{"start_revision":"R-10.2019","end_revision":null},"rendered_text_html":"

    See MPEP § 2126 for information on the use of secret patents as prior art.

    ","rendered_text_plain":"See MPEP § 2126 for information on the use of secret patents as prior art.","provenance":{"source_file":"s2132.html","source_anchor":"d0e203524","source_sha256":"ed86bf6269044beffaa526f7bfd66afc1c3bc703d2d592453625ca3429efb11d"},"kind":"narrative","host_section_id":"se_6w52j7rp"},{"id":"se_3mpaz6yb","node_type":"section","corpus_id":"mpep-e9r01-2024-html","opaque_url":"https://mpep.io/n/se_3mpaz6yb","effective_range":{"start_revision":"R-10.2019","end_revision":null},"rendered_text_html":"","rendered_text_plain":"","provenance":{"source_file":"s2132.html","source_anchor":"stub-2126","source_sha256":"ed86bf6269044beffaa526f7bfd66afc1c3bc703d2d592453625ca3429efb11d"},"akn_urn":"/akn/us/statement/manual/uspto/2024/mpep/eng@2024-02-29!sec_2126","canonical_url":"https://mpep.io/akn/us/statement/manual/uspto/2024/mpep/eng@2024-02-29!sec_2126","section_number":"2126","chapter":"2100","depth":0,"title":"Section 2126","children_ids":[]},{"id":"se_mjqz2cbk","node_type":"section","corpus_id":"mpep-e9r01-2024-html","opaque_url":"https://mpep.io/n/se_mjqz2cbk","effective_range":{"start_revision":"R-10.2019","end_revision":null},"rendered_text_html":"","rendered_text_plain":"","provenance":{"source_file":"s2132.html","source_anchor":"d0e203530","source_sha256":"ed86bf6269044beffaa526f7bfd66afc1c3bc703d2d592453625ca3429efb11d"},"akn_urn":"/akn/us/statement/manual/uspto/2024/mpep/eng@2024-02-29!sec_2132_01","canonical_url":"https://mpep.io/akn/us/statement/manual/uspto/2024/mpep/eng@2024-02-29!sec_2132_01","section_number":"2132.01","chapter":"2100","depth":1,"title":"Overcoming a Pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 102(a) Rejection based on a Printed Publication or Patent","children_ids":["pb_yciefytr","pb_3h5k7au3","pb_hriei44w","pb_tgf5qrky","ls_3c2cm5rp","pb_vihd7rap","pb_36cv7kww","pb_br74fv4i","pb_4syq67q6","pb_5c3j2wkg","pb_sryk2nla","pb_2rw6wsi2"],"revision_tag":"R-10.2019","parent_section_id":"se_6w52j7rp"},{"id":"pb_yciefytr","node_type":"prose_block","corpus_id":"mpep-e9r01-2024-html","opaque_url":"https://mpep.io/n/pb_yciefytr","effective_range":{"start_revision":"R-10.2019","end_revision":null},"rendered_text_html":"

    [Editor Note: This MPEP section is not applicable to applications subject to examination under the first inventor to file (FITF) provisions of the AIA as set forth in 35 U.S.C. 100 (note). See MPEP § 2159 et seq. to determine whether an application is subject to examination under the FITF provisions, and MPEP § 2150 et seq. for examination of applications subject to those provisions. See MPEP § 2152 et seq. for a detailed discussion of AIA 35 U.S.C. 102(a) and (b).]

    ","rendered_text_plain":"[Editor Note: This MPEP section is not applicable to applications subject to examination under the first inventor to file (FITF) provisions of the AIA as set forth in 35 U.S.C. 100 (note). See MPEP § 2159 et seq. to determine whether an application is subject to examination under the FITF provisions, and MPEP § 2150 et seq. for examination of applications subject to those provisions. See MPEP § 2152 et seq. for a detailed discussion of AIA 35 U.S.C. 102(a) and (b).]","provenance":{"source_file":"s2132.html","source_anchor":"ch2100_d222e6_18b65_36c","source_sha256":"ed86bf6269044beffaa526f7bfd66afc1c3bc703d2d592453625ca3429efb11d"},"kind":"narrative","host_section_id":"se_mjqz2cbk","tags":["editorial_note"]},{"id":"pb_3h5k7au3","node_type":"prose_block","corpus_id":"mpep-e9r01-2024-html","opaque_url":"https://mpep.io/n/pb_3h5k7au3","effective_range":{"start_revision":"R-10.2019","end_revision":null},"rendered_text_html":"

    “Derivation” or “derived” as used in the discussion below is in the context of pre-AIA law. “Derivation proceedings” as created in the AIA are discussed in MPEP § 2310 et seq.]

    ","rendered_text_plain":"“Derivation” or “derived” as used in the discussion below is in the context of pre-AIA law. “Derivation proceedings” as created in the AIA are discussed in MPEP § 2310 et seq.]","provenance":{"source_file":"s2132.html","source_anchor":"ch2100_p_29b44_1b5ab_3b8","source_sha256":"ed86bf6269044beffaa526f7bfd66afc1c3bc703d2d592453625ca3429efb11d"},"kind":"narrative","host_section_id":"se_mjqz2cbk","tags":["editorial_note"]},{"id":"se_zrpoio3m","node_type":"section","corpus_id":"mpep-e9r01-2024-html","opaque_url":"https://mpep.io/n/se_zrpoio3m","effective_range":{"start_revision":"R-10.2019","end_revision":null},"rendered_text_html":"","rendered_text_plain":"","provenance":{"source_file":"s2132.html","source_anchor":"stub-2310","source_sha256":"ed86bf6269044beffaa526f7bfd66afc1c3bc703d2d592453625ca3429efb11d"},"akn_urn":"/akn/us/statement/manual/uspto/2024/mpep/eng@2024-02-29!sec_2310","canonical_url":"https://mpep.io/akn/us/statement/manual/uspto/2024/mpep/eng@2024-02-29!sec_2310","section_number":"2310","chapter":"2300","depth":0,"title":"Section 2310","children_ids":[]},{"id":"pb_hriei44w","node_type":"prose_block","corpus_id":"mpep-e9r01-2024-html","opaque_url":"https://mpep.io/n/pb_hriei44w","effective_range":{"start_revision":"R-10.2019","end_revision":null},"rendered_text_html":"

    In all applications, an applicant may overcome a pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 102 rejection by persuasively arguing that the claims are patentably distinguishable from the prior art, or by amending the claims to patentably distinguish over the prior art. Additional ways to overcome a rejection based on pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 102 prior art depend on the applicable paragraph of pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 102. See MPEP § 2133.02(a) for overcoming a rejection under pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 102(b) and MPEP § 2136.05et seq. for overcoming a rejection under pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 102(e).

    ","rendered_text_plain":"In all applications, an applicant may overcome a pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 102 rejection by persuasively arguing that the claims are patentably distinguishable from the prior art, or by amending the claims to patentably distinguish over the prior art. Additional ways to overcome a rejection based on pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 102 prior art depend on the applicable paragraph of pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 102. See MPEP § 2133.02(a) for overcoming a rejection under pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 102(b) and MPEP § 2136.05et seq. for overcoming a rejection under pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 102(e).","provenance":{"source_file":"s2132.html","source_anchor":"ch2100_p_2c18c_14af8_209","source_sha256":"ed86bf6269044beffaa526f7bfd66afc1c3bc703d2d592453625ca3429efb11d"},"kind":"narrative","host_section_id":"se_mjqz2cbk"},{"id":"se_z4tyd4r3","node_type":"section","corpus_id":"mpep-e9r01-2024-html","opaque_url":"https://mpep.io/n/se_z4tyd4r3","effective_range":{"start_revision":"R-10.2019","end_revision":null},"rendered_text_html":"","rendered_text_plain":"","provenance":{"source_file":"s2132.html","source_anchor":"stub-2133","source_sha256":"ed86bf6269044beffaa526f7bfd66afc1c3bc703d2d592453625ca3429efb11d"},"akn_urn":"/akn/us/statement/manual/uspto/2024/mpep/eng@2024-02-29!sec_2133","canonical_url":"https://mpep.io/akn/us/statement/manual/uspto/2024/mpep/eng@2024-02-29!sec_2133","section_number":"2133","chapter":"2100","depth":0,"title":"Section 2133","children_ids":[]},{"id":"se_q2uumi7b","node_type":"section","corpus_id":"mpep-e9r01-2024-html","opaque_url":"https://mpep.io/n/se_q2uumi7b","effective_range":{"start_revision":"R-10.2019","end_revision":null},"rendered_text_html":"","rendered_text_plain":"","provenance":{"source_file":"s2132.html","source_anchor":"stub-2136","source_sha256":"ed86bf6269044beffaa526f7bfd66afc1c3bc703d2d592453625ca3429efb11d"},"akn_urn":"/akn/us/statement/manual/uspto/2024/mpep/eng@2024-02-29!sec_2136","canonical_url":"https://mpep.io/akn/us/statement/manual/uspto/2024/mpep/eng@2024-02-29!sec_2136","section_number":"2136","chapter":"2100","depth":0,"title":"Section 2136","children_ids":[]},{"id":"pb_tgf5qrky","node_type":"prose_block","corpus_id":"mpep-e9r01-2024-html","opaque_url":"https://mpep.io/n/pb_tgf5qrky","effective_range":{"start_revision":"R-10.2019","end_revision":null},"rendered_text_html":"

    A rejection based on pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 102(a) can be overcome by:

    ","rendered_text_plain":"A rejection based on pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 102(a) can be overcome by:","provenance":{"source_file":"s2132.html","source_anchor":"d0e59120","source_sha256":"ed86bf6269044beffaa526f7bfd66afc1c3bc703d2d592453625ca3429efb11d"},"kind":"narrative","host_section_id":"se_mjqz2cbk"},{"id":"ls_3c2cm5rp","node_type":"list","corpus_id":"mpep-e9r01-2024-html","opaque_url":"https://mpep.io/n/ls_3c2cm5rp","effective_range":{"start_revision":"R-10.2019","end_revision":null},"rendered_text_html":"","rendered_text_plain":"","provenance":{"source_file":"s2132.html","source_anchor":"d0e59127","source_sha256":"ed86bf6269044beffaa526f7bfd66afc1c3bc703d2d592453625ca3429efb11d"},"enumerator_style":"alpha_upper","nesting_depth":1,"host_section_id":"se_mjqz2cbk","parent_list_item_id":null,"item_ids":["li_fh4paws3","li_pctpa65o","li_e4iqq5td","li_a346y4ly","li_z3wabgtf","li_sfhwdmht"]},{"id":"li_fh4paws3","node_type":"list_item","corpus_id":"mpep-e9r01-2024-html","opaque_url":"https://mpep.io/n/li_fh4paws3","effective_range":{"start_revision":"R-10.2019","end_revision":null},"rendered_text_html":"
  • (A) Persuasively arguing that the claims are patentably distinguishable from the prior art;
    • ","rendered_text_plain":"(A) Persuasively arguing that the claims are patentably distinguishable from the prior art;","provenance":{"source_file":"s2132.html","source_anchor":"d0e59127","source_sha256":"ed86bf6269044beffaa526f7bfd66afc1c3bc703d2d592453625ca3429efb11d"},"enumerator_label":"(A)","enumerator_ordinal":0,"parent_list_id":"ls_3c2cm5rp"},{"id":"li_pctpa65o","node_type":"list_item","corpus_id":"mpep-e9r01-2024-html","opaque_url":"https://mpep.io/n/li_pctpa65o","effective_range":{"start_revision":"R-10.2019","end_revision":null},"rendered_text_html":"
  • (B) Amending the claims to patentably distinguish over the prior art;
    • ","rendered_text_plain":"(B) Amending the claims to patentably distinguish over the prior art;","provenance":{"source_file":"s2132.html","source_anchor":"d0e59131","source_sha256":"ed86bf6269044beffaa526f7bfd66afc1c3bc703d2d592453625ca3429efb11d"},"enumerator_label":"(B)","enumerator_ordinal":1,"parent_list_id":"ls_3c2cm5rp"},{"id":"li_e4iqq5td","node_type":"list_item","corpus_id":"mpep-e9r01-2024-html","opaque_url":"https://mpep.io/n/li_e4iqq5td","effective_range":{"start_revision":"R-10.2019","end_revision":null},"rendered_text_html":"
  • (C) Filing an affidavit or declaration under 37 CFR 1.131(a) showing prior invention, if the reference is not a U.S. patent or a U.S. patent application publication claiming interfering subject matter as defined in 37 CFR 41.203(a) (subject matter of a claim of one party that would, if prior art, have anticipated or rendered obvious the subject matter of a claim of the opposing party and vice versa). See MPEP § 715 for information on the requirements of 37 CFR 1.131(a) affidavits. When the claims of the reference U.S. patent or U.S. patent application publication and the application are directed to the same invention or are obvious variants, an affidavit or declaration under 37 CFR 1.131(a) is not appropriate to overcome the rejection;
    • ","rendered_text_plain":"(C) Filing an affidavit or declaration under 37 CFR 1.131(a) showing prior invention, if the reference is not a U.S. patent or a U.S. patent application publication claiming interfering subject matter as defined in 37 CFR 41.203(a) (subject matter of a claim of one party that would, if prior art, have anticipated or rendered obvious the subject matter of a claim of the opposing party and vice versa). See MPEP § 715 for information on the requirements of 37 CFR 1.131(a) affidavits. When the claims of the reference U.S. patent or U.S. patent application publication and the application are directed to the same invention or are obvious variants, an affidavit or declaration under 37 CFR 1.131(a) is not appropriate to overcome the rejection;","provenance":{"source_file":"s2132.html","source_anchor":"d0e59135","source_sha256":"ed86bf6269044beffaa526f7bfd66afc1c3bc703d2d592453625ca3429efb11d"},"enumerator_label":"(C)","enumerator_ordinal":2,"parent_list_id":"ls_3c2cm5rp"},{"id":"se_xahwfirh","node_type":"section","corpus_id":"mpep-e9r01-2024-html","opaque_url":"https://mpep.io/n/se_xahwfirh","effective_range":{"start_revision":"R-10.2019","end_revision":null},"rendered_text_html":"","rendered_text_plain":"","provenance":{"source_file":"s2132.html","source_anchor":"stub-715","source_sha256":"ed86bf6269044beffaa526f7bfd66afc1c3bc703d2d592453625ca3429efb11d"},"akn_urn":"/akn/us/statement/manual/uspto/2024/mpep/eng@2024-02-29!sec_715","canonical_url":"https://mpep.io/akn/us/statement/manual/uspto/2024/mpep/eng@2024-02-29!sec_715","section_number":"715","chapter":"700","depth":0,"title":"Section 715","children_ids":[]},{"id":"li_a346y4ly","node_type":"list_item","corpus_id":"mpep-e9r01-2024-html","opaque_url":"https://mpep.io/n/li_a346y4ly","effective_range":{"start_revision":"R-10.2019","end_revision":null},"rendered_text_html":"
  • (D) Filing an affidavit or declaration under 37 CFR 1.132 showing that the reference invention is not by “another,” i.e., showing a reference’s disclosure was derived from the inventor’s or at least one joint inventor’s own work. See MPEP §§ 715.01(a), 715.01(c), and 716.10;
    • ","rendered_text_plain":"(D) Filing an affidavit or declaration under 37 CFR 1.132 showing that the reference invention is not by “another,” i.e., showing a reference’s disclosure was derived from the inventor’s or at least one joint inventor’s own work. See MPEP §§ 715.01(a), 715.01(c), and 716.10;","provenance":{"source_file":"s2132.html","source_anchor":"d0e59154","source_sha256":"ed86bf6269044beffaa526f7bfd66afc1c3bc703d2d592453625ca3429efb11d"},"enumerator_label":"(D)","enumerator_ordinal":3,"parent_list_id":"ls_3c2cm5rp"},{"id":"se_swlgvzzt","node_type":"section","corpus_id":"mpep-e9r01-2024-html","opaque_url":"https://mpep.io/n/se_swlgvzzt","effective_range":{"start_revision":"R-10.2019","end_revision":null},"rendered_text_html":"","rendered_text_plain":"","provenance":{"source_file":"s2132.html","source_anchor":"stub-716","source_sha256":"ed86bf6269044beffaa526f7bfd66afc1c3bc703d2d592453625ca3429efb11d"},"akn_urn":"/akn/us/statement/manual/uspto/2024/mpep/eng@2024-02-29!sec_716","canonical_url":"https://mpep.io/akn/us/statement/manual/uspto/2024/mpep/eng@2024-02-29!sec_716","section_number":"716","chapter":"700","depth":0,"title":"Section 716","children_ids":[]},{"id":"li_z3wabgtf","node_type":"list_item","corpus_id":"mpep-e9r01-2024-html","opaque_url":"https://mpep.io/n/li_z3wabgtf","effective_range":{"start_revision":"R-10.2019","end_revision":null},"rendered_text_html":"
  • (E) Submitting and perfecting a claim to priority under 35 U.S.C. 119(a) - (d). See MPEP § 216;
    • ","rendered_text_plain":"(E) Submitting and perfecting a claim to priority under 35 U.S.C. 119(a) - (d). See MPEP § 216;","provenance":{"source_file":"s2132.html","source_anchor":"d0e59170","source_sha256":"ed86bf6269044beffaa526f7bfd66afc1c3bc703d2d592453625ca3429efb11d"},"enumerator_label":"(E)","enumerator_ordinal":4,"parent_list_id":"ls_3c2cm5rp"},{"id":"se_3pzredzx","node_type":"section","corpus_id":"mpep-e9r01-2024-html","opaque_url":"https://mpep.io/n/se_3pzredzx","effective_range":{"start_revision":"R-10.2019","end_revision":null},"rendered_text_html":"","rendered_text_plain":"","provenance":{"source_file":"s2132.html","source_anchor":"stub-216","source_sha256":"ed86bf6269044beffaa526f7bfd66afc1c3bc703d2d592453625ca3429efb11d"},"akn_urn":"/akn/us/statement/manual/uspto/2024/mpep/eng@2024-02-29!sec_216","canonical_url":"https://mpep.io/akn/us/statement/manual/uspto/2024/mpep/eng@2024-02-29!sec_216","section_number":"216","chapter":"200","depth":0,"title":"Section 216","children_ids":[]},{"id":"li_sfhwdmht","node_type":"list_item","corpus_id":"mpep-e9r01-2024-html","opaque_url":"https://mpep.io/n/li_sfhwdmht","effective_range":{"start_revision":"R-10.2019","end_revision":null},"rendered_text_html":"
  • (F) Submitting and perfecting a benefit claim under 35 U.S.C. 119(e) or 120. See MPEP § 211 et seq. for detailed information pertaining to benefit claims.
    • ","rendered_text_plain":"(F) Submitting and perfecting a benefit claim under 35 U.S.C. 119(e) or 120. See MPEP § 211 et seq. for detailed information pertaining to benefit claims.","provenance":{"source_file":"s2132.html","source_anchor":"d0e59180","source_sha256":"ed86bf6269044beffaa526f7bfd66afc1c3bc703d2d592453625ca3429efb11d"},"enumerator_label":"(F)","enumerator_ordinal":5,"parent_list_id":"ls_3c2cm5rp"},{"id":"se_ydn3gdqc","node_type":"section","corpus_id":"mpep-e9r01-2024-html","opaque_url":"https://mpep.io/n/se_ydn3gdqc","effective_range":{"start_revision":"R-10.2019","end_revision":null},"rendered_text_html":"","rendered_text_plain":"","provenance":{"source_file":"s2132.html","source_anchor":"stub-211","source_sha256":"ed86bf6269044beffaa526f7bfd66afc1c3bc703d2d592453625ca3429efb11d"},"akn_urn":"/akn/us/statement/manual/uspto/2024/mpep/eng@2024-02-29!sec_211","canonical_url":"https://mpep.io/akn/us/statement/manual/uspto/2024/mpep/eng@2024-02-29!sec_211","section_number":"211","chapter":"200","depth":0,"title":"Section 211","children_ids":[]},{"id":"pb_vihd7rap","node_type":"prose_block","corpus_id":"mpep-e9r01-2024-html","opaque_url":"https://mpep.io/n/pb_vihd7rap","effective_range":{"start_revision":"R-10.2019","end_revision":null},"rendered_text_html":"I. SHOWING REFERENCE’S DISCLOSURE WAS DERIVED FROM INVENTOR’S OR AT LEAST ONE JOINT INVENTOR’S OWN WORK","rendered_text_plain":"I. SHOWING REFERENCE’S DISCLOSURE WAS DERIVED FROM INVENTOR’S OR AT LEAST ONE JOINT INVENTOR’S OWN WORK","provenance":{"source_file":"s2132.html","source_anchor":"d0e59180/b.0","source_sha256":"ed86bf6269044beffaa526f7bfd66afc1c3bc703d2d592453625ca3429efb11d"},"kind":"informal_heading","host_section_id":"se_mjqz2cbk","heading_level":2,"heading_text":"I. SHOWING REFERENCE’S DISCLOSURE WAS DERIVED FROM INVENTOR’S OR AT LEAST ONE JOINT INVENTOR’S OWN WORK"},{"id":"pb_36cv7kww","node_type":"prose_block","corpus_id":"mpep-e9r01-2024-html","opaque_url":"https://mpep.io/n/pb_36cv7kww","effective_range":{"start_revision":"R-10.2019","end_revision":null},"rendered_text_html":"

    A prima facie case is made out under pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 102(a) if, within 1 year of the filing date, the invention, or an obvious variant thereof, is described in a “printed publication” whose authorship differs in any way from the inventive entity unless it is stated within the publication itself that the publication is describing the inventor's or at least one joint inventor's work. In re Katz, 687 F.2d 450, 215 USPQ 14 (CCPA 1982). See MPEP § 2128 for case law on what constitutes a “printed publication.” Note that when the reference is a U.S. patent, U.S. patent application publication, or certain international application publication published within the year prior to the application filing date, a pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 102(e) rejection should be made. See MPEP § 2136 - § 2136.05 for case law dealing with pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 102(e).

    ","rendered_text_plain":"A prima facie case is made out under pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 102(a) if, within 1 year of the filing date, the invention, or an obvious variant thereof, is described in a “printed publication” whose authorship differs in any way from the inventive entity unless it is stated within the publication itself that the publication is describing the inventor's or at least one joint inventor's work. In re Katz, 687 F.2d 450, 215 USPQ 14 (CCPA 1982). See MPEP § 2128 for case law on what constitutes a “printed publication.” Note that when the reference is a U.S. patent, U.S. patent application publication, or certain international application publication published within the year prior to the application filing date, a pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 102(e) rejection should be made. See MPEP § 2136 - § 2136.05 for case law dealing with pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 102(e).","provenance":{"source_file":"s2132.html","source_anchor":"d0e203546","source_sha256":"ed86bf6269044beffaa526f7bfd66afc1c3bc703d2d592453625ca3429efb11d"},"kind":"narrative","host_section_id":"se_mjqz2cbk"},{"id":"pb_br74fv4i","node_type":"prose_block","corpus_id":"mpep-e9r01-2024-html","opaque_url":"https://mpep.io/n/pb_br74fv4i","effective_range":{"start_revision":"R-10.2019","end_revision":null},"rendered_text_html":"

    An inventor's or at least one joint inventor's disclosure of his or her own work within the year before the application filing date cannot be used against the application as prior art under pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 102(a). In re Katz, 687 F.2d 450, 215 USPQ 14 (CCPA 1982) (discussed below). Therefore, where the inventor or at least one joint inventor is one of the co-authors of a publication cited against the application, the publication may be removed as a reference by the filing of affidavits made out by the other authors establishing that the relevant portions of the publication originated with, or were obtained from, the inventor or at least one joint inventor. Such affidavits are called disclaiming affidavits. Ex parte Hirschler, 110 USPQ 384 (Bd. App. 1952). The rejection can also be overcome by submission of a specific declaration by the inventor or at least one joint inventor establishing that the article is describing the inventor's own work. In re Katz, 687 F.2d 450, 215 USPQ 14 (CCPA 1982). However, an affidavit or declaration under 37 CFR 1.132 that is only a naked assertion of inventorship and that fails to provide any context, explanation or evidence to support that assertion is insufficient to show that the relied-upon subject matter was the inventor’s own work. See EmeraChem Holdings, LLC v. Volkswagen Grp. of Am., Inc., 859 F.3d 1341, 123 USPQ2d 1146 (Fed. Cir. 2017) (finding that a declaration submitted by inventor Campbell insufficient to establish that he and Guth (now deceased) were the inventors of the subject matter disclosed in a patent naming Campbell, Guth, Danziger, and Padron as inventors because “[n]othing in the declaration itself, or in addition to the declaration, provides any context, explanation, or evidence to lend credence to the inventor's bare assertion” and more than twenty years had passed since the alleged events occurred. Id. at 1345; 123 USPQ2d at 1149). However, if there is evidence that the co-author has refused to disclaim inventorship and believes himself or herself to be an inventor, the inventor's affidavit or declaration will not be enough to establish that the inventor or the at least one joint inventor is the sole inventor of the subject matter in the article and the rejection will stand. Ex parte Kroger, 219 USPQ 370 (Bd. App. 1982) (discussed below). It is also possible to overcome the rejection by adding the coauthors as joint inventors to the application if the requirements of 35 U.S.C. 116, third paragraph, are met. In re Searles, 422 F.2d 431, 164 USPQ 623 (CCPA 1970).

    ","rendered_text_plain":"An inventor's or at least one joint inventor's disclosure of his or her own work within the year before the application filing date cannot be used against the application as prior art under pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 102(a). In re Katz, 687 F.2d 450, 215 USPQ 14 (CCPA 1982) (discussed below). Therefore, where the inventor or at least one joint inventor is one of the co-authors of a publication cited against the application, the publication may be removed as a reference by the filing of affidavits made out by the other authors establishing that the relevant portions of the publication originated with, or were obtained from, the inventor or at least one joint inventor. Such affidavits are called disclaiming affidavits. Ex parte Hirschler, 110 USPQ 384 (Bd. App. 1952). The rejection can also be overcome by submission of a specific declaration by the inventor or at least one joint inventor establishing that the article is describing the inventor's own work. In re Katz, 687 F.2d 450, 215 USPQ 14 (CCPA 1982). However, an affidavit or declaration under 37 CFR 1.132 that is only a naked assertion of inventorship and that fails to provide any context, explanation or evidence to support that assertion is insufficient to show that the relied-upon subject matter was the inventor’s own work. See EmeraChem Holdings, LLC v. Volkswagen Grp. of Am., Inc., 859 F.3d 1341, 123 USPQ2d 1146 (Fed. Cir. 2017) (finding that a declaration submitted by inventor Campbell insufficient to establish that he and Guth (now deceased) were the inventors of the subject matter disclosed in a patent naming Campbell, Guth, Danziger, and Padron as inventors because “[n]othing in the declaration itself, or in addition to the declaration, provides any context, explanation, or evidence to lend credence to the inventor's bare assertion” and more than twenty years had passed since the alleged events occurred. Id. at 1345; 123 USPQ2d at 1149). However, if there is evidence that the co-author has refused to disclaim inventorship and believes himself or herself to be an inventor, the inventor's affidavit or declaration will not be enough to establish that the inventor or the at least one joint inventor is the sole inventor of the subject matter in the article and the rejection will stand. Ex parte Kroger, 219 USPQ 370 (Bd. App. 1982) (discussed below). It is also possible to overcome the rejection by adding the coauthors as joint inventors to the application if the requirements of 35 U.S.C. 116, third paragraph, are met. In re Searles, 422 F.2d 431, 164 USPQ 623 (CCPA 1970).","provenance":{"source_file":"s2132.html","source_anchor":"d0e203577","source_sha256":"ed86bf6269044beffaa526f7bfd66afc1c3bc703d2d592453625ca3429efb11d"},"kind":"narrative","host_section_id":"se_mjqz2cbk"},{"id":"pb_4syq67q6","node_type":"prose_block","corpus_id":"mpep-e9r01-2024-html","opaque_url":"https://mpep.io/n/pb_4syq67q6","effective_range":{"start_revision":"R-10.2019","end_revision":null},"rendered_text_html":"

    In In re Katz, 687 F.2d 450, 215 USPQ 14 (CCPA 1982), Katz stated in a declaration that the coauthors of the publication, Chiorazzi and Eshhar, “were students working under the direction and supervision of the inventor, Dr. David H. Katz.” The court held that this declaration, in combination with the fact that the publication was a research paper, was enough to establish Katz as the sole inventor and that the work described in the publication was his own. In research papers, students involved only with assay and testing are normally listed as coauthors but are not considered joint inventors.

    ","rendered_text_plain":"In In re Katz, 687 F.2d 450, 215 USPQ 14 (CCPA 1982), Katz stated in a declaration that the coauthors of the publication, Chiorazzi and Eshhar, “were students working under the direction and supervision of the inventor, Dr. David H. Katz.” The court held that this declaration, in combination with the fact that the publication was a research paper, was enough to establish Katz as the sole inventor and that the work described in the publication was his own. In research papers, students involved only with assay and testing are normally listed as coauthors but are not considered joint inventors.","provenance":{"source_file":"s2132.html","source_anchor":"d0e203604","source_sha256":"ed86bf6269044beffaa526f7bfd66afc1c3bc703d2d592453625ca3429efb11d"},"kind":"narrative","host_section_id":"se_mjqz2cbk"},{"id":"pb_5c3j2wkg","node_type":"prose_block","corpus_id":"mpep-e9r01-2024-html","opaque_url":"https://mpep.io/n/pb_5c3j2wkg","effective_range":{"start_revision":"R-10.2019","end_revision":null},"rendered_text_html":"

    In Ex parte Kroger, 219 USPQ 370 (Bd. App. 1982), Kroger, Knaster and others were listed as authors on an article on photovoltaic power generation. The article was used to reject the claims of an application listing Kroger and Rod as joint inventors. Kroger and Rod submitted affidavits declaring themselves to be the joint inventors. The affidavits also stated that Knaster merely carried out assignments and worked under the supervision and direction of Kroger. The Board stated that if this were the only evidence in the case, it would be established, under In re Katz, that Kroger and Rod were the only joint inventors. However, in this case, there was evidence that Knaster had refused to sign an affidavit disclaiming inventorship and Knaster had introduced evidence into the case in the form of a letter to the USPTO in which he alleged that he was a joint inventor. The Board held that the evidence had not been fully developed enough to overcome the rejection. Note that the rejection had been made under pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 102(f) but the Board treated the issue the same as if it had arisen under pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 102(a). See also case law dealing with overcoming pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 102(e) rejections as presented in MPEP § 2136.05. Many of the issues are the same.

    ","rendered_text_plain":"In Ex parte Kroger, 219 USPQ 370 (Bd. App. 1982), Kroger, Knaster and others were listed as authors on an article on photovoltaic power generation. The article was used to reject the claims of an application listing Kroger and Rod as joint inventors. Kroger and Rod submitted affidavits declaring themselves to be the joint inventors. The affidavits also stated that Knaster merely carried out assignments and worked under the supervision and direction of Kroger. The Board stated that if this were the only evidence in the case, it would be established, under In re Katz, that Kroger and Rod were the only joint inventors. However, in this case, there was evidence that Knaster had refused to sign an affidavit disclaiming inventorship and Knaster had introduced evidence into the case in the form of a letter to the USPTO in which he alleged that he was a joint inventor. The Board held that the evidence had not been fully developed enough to overcome the rejection. Note that the rejection had been made under pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 102(f) but the Board treated the issue the same as if it had arisen under pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 102(a). See also case law dealing with overcoming pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 102(e) rejections as presented in MPEP § 2136.05. Many of the issues are the same.","provenance":{"source_file":"s2132.html","source_anchor":"d0e203610","source_sha256":"ed86bf6269044beffaa526f7bfd66afc1c3bc703d2d592453625ca3429efb11d"},"kind":"narrative","host_section_id":"se_mjqz2cbk"},{"id":"pb_sryk2nla","node_type":"prose_block","corpus_id":"mpep-e9r01-2024-html","opaque_url":"https://mpep.io/n/pb_sryk2nla","effective_range":{"start_revision":"R-10.2019","end_revision":null},"rendered_text_html":"II. A 37 CFR 1.131 AFFIDAVIT CAN BE USED TO OVERCOME A PRE-AIA 35 U.S.C. 102(a) REJECTION","rendered_text_plain":"II. A 37 CFR 1.131 AFFIDAVIT CAN BE USED TO OVERCOME A PRE-AIA 35 U.S.C. 102(a) REJECTION","provenance":{"source_file":"s2132.html","source_anchor":"d0e203610/b.0","source_sha256":"ed86bf6269044beffaa526f7bfd66afc1c3bc703d2d592453625ca3429efb11d"},"kind":"informal_heading","host_section_id":"se_mjqz2cbk","heading_level":2,"heading_text":"II. A 37 CFR 1.131 AFFIDAVIT CAN BE USED TO OVERCOME A PRE-AIA 35 U.S.C. 102(a) REJECTION"},{"id":"pb_2rw6wsi2","node_type":"prose_block","corpus_id":"mpep-e9r01-2024-html","opaque_url":"https://mpep.io/n/pb_2rw6wsi2","effective_range":{"start_revision":"R-10.2019","end_revision":null},"rendered_text_html":"

    When the reference is not a statutory bar under pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 102(b), (c), or (d), applicant can overcome the rejection by swearing back of the reference through the submission of an affidavit under 37 CFR 1.131. In re Foster, 343 F.2d 980, 145 USPQ 166 (CCPA 1965). If the reference is disclosing the inventor's or at least one joint inventor's own work as derived from the inventor or joint inventor, either a 37 CFR 1.131 affidavit to antedate the reference or a 37 CFR 1.132 affidavit to show derivation of the reference subject matter from the inventor or joint inventor and invention by the inventor or joint inventor may be submitted. In re Facius, 408 F.2d 1396, 161 USPQ 294 (CCPA 1969). See MPEP § 715 for more information on when an affidavit under 37 CFR 1.131 can be used to overcome a reference and what evidence is required.

    ","rendered_text_plain":"When the reference is not a statutory bar under pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 102(b), (c), or (d), applicant can overcome the rejection by swearing back of the reference through the submission of an affidavit under 37 CFR 1.131. In re Foster, 343 F.2d 980, 145 USPQ 166 (CCPA 1965). If the reference is disclosing the inventor's or at least one joint inventor's own work as derived from the inventor or joint inventor, either a 37 CFR 1.131 affidavit to antedate the reference or a 37 CFR 1.132 affidavit to show derivation of the reference subject matter from the inventor or joint inventor and invention by the inventor or joint inventor may be submitted. In re Facius, 408 F.2d 1396, 161 USPQ 294 (CCPA 1969). See MPEP § 715 for more information on when an affidavit under 37 CFR 1.131 can be used to overcome a reference and what evidence is required.","provenance":{"source_file":"s2132.html","source_anchor":"d0e203644","source_sha256":"ed86bf6269044beffaa526f7bfd66afc1c3bc703d2d592453625ca3429efb11d"},"kind":"narrative","host_section_id":"se_mjqz2cbk"}],"edges":[{"id":"e_cvrl5xxt","edge_type":"cites-statute","source_id":"pb_hujn4qvz","target_id":"st_qlhihx44","properties":{"citation_text":"35 U.S.C. 100","specificity":"section","source_offset":{"start":167,"end":180}},"provenance":{"source_file":"s2132.html","source_anchor":"ch2100_d222e6_18b11_12a","source_sha256":"ed86bf6269044beffaa526f7bfd66afc1c3bc703d2d592453625ca3429efb11d"}},{"id":"e_gviqz3jr","edge_type":"cites-statute","source_id":"pb_hujn4qvz","target_id":"st_hjxi44mc","properties":{"citation_text":"35 U.S.C. 102(a)","specificity":"subsection","source_offset":{"start":444,"end":460}},"provenance":{"source_file":"s2132.html","source_anchor":"ch2100_d222e6_18b11_12a","source_sha256":"ed86bf6269044beffaa526f7bfd66afc1c3bc703d2d592453625ca3429efb11d"}},{"id":"e_6nzrjhca","edge_type":"cross-references","source_id":"pb_hujn4qvz","target_id":"se_vjydiowu","properties":{"link_text":"MPEP § 2159","target_anchor":"ch2100_d20034_1dc34_1dd","source_offset":{"start":193,"end":204}},"provenance":{"source_file":"s2132.html","source_anchor":"ch2100_d222e6_18b11_12a","source_sha256":"ed86bf6269044beffaa526f7bfd66afc1c3bc703d2d592453625ca3429efb11d"}},{"id":"e_2c3qr4yl","edge_type":"cross-references","source_id":"pb_hujn4qvz","target_id":"se_laluktzd","properties":{"link_text":"MPEP § 2150","target_anchor":"ch2100_d2002f_22805_16e","source_offset":{"start":306,"end":317}},"provenance":{"source_file":"s2132.html","source_anchor":"ch2100_d222e6_18b11_12a","source_sha256":"ed86bf6269044beffaa526f7bfd66afc1c3bc703d2d592453625ca3429efb11d"}},{"id":"e_epowpp3u","edge_type":"cross-references","source_id":"pb_hujn4qvz","target_id":"se_za4xdbh2","properties":{"link_text":"MPEP § 2152","target_anchor":"ch2100_d20033_18e23_3ce","source_offset":{"start":391,"end":402}},"provenance":{"source_file":"s2132.html","source_anchor":"ch2100_d222e6_18b11_12a","source_sha256":"ed86bf6269044beffaa526f7bfd66afc1c3bc703d2d592453625ca3429efb11d"}},{"id":"e_moxsycue","edge_type":"cites-statute","source_id":"pb_ftq4rbxn","target_id":"st_chovvrcv","properties":{"citation_text":"35 U.S.C. 102(a)","specificity":"subsection","source_offset":{"start":75,"end":91}},"provenance":{"source_file":"s2132.html","source_anchor":"d0e203416","source_sha256":"ed86bf6269044beffaa526f7bfd66afc1c3bc703d2d592453625ca3429efb11d"}},{"id":"e_bsxwrz4y","edge_type":"cites-case","source_id":"pb_ftq4rbxn","target_id":"cs_pnoiaqze","properties":{"citation_text":"Carella v. Starlight Archery, 804 F.2d 135, 231 USPQ 644 (Fed. Cir. 1986)","source_offset":{"start":153,"end":160}},"provenance":{"source_file":"s2132.html","source_anchor":"d0e203416","source_sha256":"ed86bf6269044beffaa526f7bfd66afc1c3bc703d2d592453625ca3429efb11d"}},{"id":"e_kydtaoux","edge_type":"cites-case","source_id":"pb_ftq4rbxn","target_id":"cs_qrry6ao4","properties":{"citation_text":"W. L. Gore & Assoc. v. Garlock, Inc., 721 F.2d 1540, 220 USPQ 303 (Fed. Cir. 1983)","source_offset":{"start":335,"end":353}},"provenance":{"source_file":"s2132.html","source_anchor":"d0e203416","source_sha256":"ed86bf6269044beffaa526f7bfd66afc1c3bc703d2d592453625ca3429efb11d"}},{"id":"e_hobvjagu","edge_type":"cross-references","source_id":"pb_uit6i6g5","target_id":"se_fa4tbzy2","properties":{"link_text":"MPEP § 2128","target_anchor":"d0e202564","source_offset":{"start":4,"end":15}},"provenance":{"source_file":"s2132.html","source_anchor":"d0e203434","source_sha256":"ed86bf6269044beffaa526f7bfd66afc1c3bc703d2d592453625ca3429efb11d"}},{"id":"e_gcw65xpb","edge_type":"cites-statute","source_id":"pb_a4putdev","target_id":"st_chovvrcv","properties":{"citation_text":"35 U.S.C. 102(a)","specificity":"subsection","source_offset":{"start":448,"end":464}},"provenance":{"source_file":"s2132.html","source_anchor":"d0e203450","source_sha256":"ed86bf6269044beffaa526f7bfd66afc1c3bc703d2d592453625ca3429efb11d"}},{"id":"e_aaz6hc6b","edge_type":"cites-statute","source_id":"pb_o2meaypl","target_id":"st_chovvrcv","properties":{"citation_text":"35 U.S.C. 102(a)","specificity":"subsection","source_offset":{"start":44,"end":60}},"provenance":{"source_file":"s2132.html","source_anchor":"d0e203469","source_sha256":"ed86bf6269044beffaa526f7bfd66afc1c3bc703d2d592453625ca3429efb11d"}},{"id":"e_xeu6qki7","edge_type":"cites-case","source_id":"pb_o2meaypl","target_id":"cs_t5yjfqfc","properties":{"citation_text":"In re Ekenstam, 256 F.2d 321, 118 USPQ 349 (CCPA 1958)","source_offset":{"start":289,"end":302}},"provenance":{"source_file":"s2132.html","source_anchor":"d0e203469","source_sha256":"ed86bf6269044beffaa526f7bfd66afc1c3bc703d2d592453625ca3429efb11d"}},{"id":"e_ca66yg2l","edge_type":"cites-statute","source_id":"pb_o2meaypl","target_id":"st_sl4xrman","properties":{"citation_text":"35 U.S.C. 104","specificity":"section","source_offset":{"start":382,"end":395}},"provenance":{"source_file":"s2132.html","source_anchor":"d0e203469","source_sha256":"ed86bf6269044beffaa526f7bfd66afc1c3bc703d2d592453625ca3429efb11d"}},{"id":"e_tftt6aov","edge_type":"cites-statute","source_id":"pb_o2meaypl","target_id":"st_chovvrcv","properties":{"citation_text":"35 U.S.C. 102(a)","specificity":"subsection","source_offset":{"start":546,"end":562}},"provenance":{"source_file":"s2132.html","source_anchor":"d0e203469","source_sha256":"ed86bf6269044beffaa526f7bfd66afc1c3bc703d2d592453625ca3429efb11d"}},{"id":"e_bspegblk","edge_type":"cites-statute","source_id":"pb_o2meaypl","target_id":"st_chovvrcv","properties":{"citation_text":"35 U.S.C. 102(a)","specificity":"subsection","source_offset":{"start":703,"end":719}},"provenance":{"source_file":"s2132.html","source_anchor":"d0e203469","source_sha256":"ed86bf6269044beffaa526f7bfd66afc1c3bc703d2d592453625ca3429efb11d"}},{"id":"e_6dmz7rpb","edge_type":"cites-statute","source_id":"pb_eredm4gk","target_id":"st_chovvrcv","properties":{"citation_text":"35 U.S.C. 102(a)","specificity":"subsection","source_offset":{"start":29,"end":45}},"provenance":{"source_file":"s2132.html","source_anchor":"d0e203501","source_sha256":"ed86bf6269044beffaa526f7bfd66afc1c3bc703d2d592453625ca3429efb11d"}},{"id":"e_5lx3ulhd","edge_type":"cites-statute","source_id":"pb_eredm4gk","target_id":"st_chovvrcv","properties":{"citation_text":"35 U.S.C. 102(a)","specificity":"subsection","source_offset":{"start":254,"end":270}},"provenance":{"source_file":"s2132.html","source_anchor":"d0e203501","source_sha256":"ed86bf6269044beffaa526f7bfd66afc1c3bc703d2d592453625ca3429efb11d"}},{"id":"e_53bwz6xa","edge_type":"cites-statute","source_id":"pb_eredm4gk","target_id":"st_chovvrcv","properties":{"citation_text":"35 U.S.C. 102(a)","specificity":"subsection","source_offset":{"start":367,"end":383}},"provenance":{"source_file":"s2132.html","source_anchor":"d0e203501","source_sha256":"ed86bf6269044beffaa526f7bfd66afc1c3bc703d2d592453625ca3429efb11d"}},{"id":"e_lvbckujb","edge_type":"cites-statute","source_id":"pb_eredm4gk","target_id":"st_jftolmqq","properties":{"citation_text":"35 U.S.C. 102(b)","specificity":"subsection","source_offset":{"start":441,"end":449}},"provenance":{"source_file":"s2132.html","source_anchor":"d0e203501","source_sha256":"ed86bf6269044beffaa526f7bfd66afc1c3bc703d2d592453625ca3429efb11d"}},{"id":"e_hbe67lso","edge_type":"cites-case","source_id":"pb_eredm4gk","target_id":"cs_ewpopc3h","properties":{"citation_text":"In re Katz, 687 F.2d 450, 215 USPQ 14 (CCPA 1982)","source_offset":{"start":452,"end":462}},"provenance":{"source_file":"s2132.html","source_anchor":"d0e203501","source_sha256":"ed86bf6269044beffaa526f7bfd66afc1c3bc703d2d592453625ca3429efb11d"}},{"id":"e_ctwvfrao","edge_type":"cross-references","source_id":"pb_3odpx6j5","target_id":"se_3mpaz6yb","properties":{"link_text":"MPEP § 2126","target_anchor":"d0e202195","source_offset":{"start":4,"end":15}},"provenance":{"source_file":"s2132.html","source_anchor":"d0e203524","source_sha256":"ed86bf6269044beffaa526f7bfd66afc1c3bc703d2d592453625ca3429efb11d"}},{"id":"e_oaw6rasu","edge_type":"cites-statute","source_id":"pb_yciefytr","target_id":"st_qlhihx44","properties":{"citation_text":"35 U.S.C. 100","specificity":"section","source_offset":{"start":167,"end":180}},"provenance":{"source_file":"s2132.html","source_anchor":"ch2100_d222e6_18b65_36c","source_sha256":"ed86bf6269044beffaa526f7bfd66afc1c3bc703d2d592453625ca3429efb11d"}},{"id":"e_e7brv33z","edge_type":"cites-statute","source_id":"pb_yciefytr","target_id":"st_hjxi44mc","properties":{"citation_text":"35 U.S.C. 102(a)","specificity":"subsection","source_offset":{"start":444,"end":460}},"provenance":{"source_file":"s2132.html","source_anchor":"ch2100_d222e6_18b65_36c","source_sha256":"ed86bf6269044beffaa526f7bfd66afc1c3bc703d2d592453625ca3429efb11d"}},{"id":"e_2au4j7ee","edge_type":"cross-references","source_id":"pb_yciefytr","target_id":"se_vjydiowu","properties":{"link_text":"MPEP § 2159","target_anchor":"ch2100_d20034_1dc34_1dd","source_offset":{"start":193,"end":204}},"provenance":{"source_file":"s2132.html","source_anchor":"ch2100_d222e6_18b65_36c","source_sha256":"ed86bf6269044beffaa526f7bfd66afc1c3bc703d2d592453625ca3429efb11d"}},{"id":"e_ul2jphkd","edge_type":"cross-references","source_id":"pb_yciefytr","target_id":"se_laluktzd","properties":{"link_text":"MPEP § 2150","target_anchor":"ch2100_d2002f_22805_16e","source_offset":{"start":306,"end":317}},"provenance":{"source_file":"s2132.html","source_anchor":"ch2100_d222e6_18b65_36c","source_sha256":"ed86bf6269044beffaa526f7bfd66afc1c3bc703d2d592453625ca3429efb11d"}},{"id":"e_xuyeggds","edge_type":"cross-references","source_id":"pb_yciefytr","target_id":"se_za4xdbh2","properties":{"link_text":"MPEP § 2152","target_anchor":"ch2100_d20033_18e23_3ce","source_offset":{"start":391,"end":402}},"provenance":{"source_file":"s2132.html","source_anchor":"ch2100_d222e6_18b65_36c","source_sha256":"ed86bf6269044beffaa526f7bfd66afc1c3bc703d2d592453625ca3429efb11d"}},{"id":"e_cf2shbur","edge_type":"cross-references","source_id":"pb_3h5k7au3","target_id":"se_zrpoio3m","properties":{"link_text":"MPEP § 2310","target_anchor":"ch2300_d2988c_24ad0_c7","source_offset":{"start":156,"end":167}},"provenance":{"source_file":"s2132.html","source_anchor":"ch2100_p_29b44_1b5ab_3b8","source_sha256":"ed86bf6269044beffaa526f7bfd66afc1c3bc703d2d592453625ca3429efb11d"}},{"id":"e_hgrsrabj","edge_type":"cites-statute","source_id":"pb_hriei44w","target_id":"st_wrfmgtn5","properties":{"citation_text":"35 U.S.C. 102","specificity":"section","source_offset":{"start":57,"end":70}},"provenance":{"source_file":"s2132.html","source_anchor":"ch2100_p_2c18c_14af8_209","source_sha256":"ed86bf6269044beffaa526f7bfd66afc1c3bc703d2d592453625ca3429efb11d"}},{"id":"e_w7dxnnzi","edge_type":"cites-statute","source_id":"pb_hriei44w","target_id":"st_wrfmgtn5","properties":{"citation_text":"35 U.S.C. 102","specificity":"section","source_offset":{"start":301,"end":314}},"provenance":{"source_file":"s2132.html","source_anchor":"ch2100_p_2c18c_14af8_209","source_sha256":"ed86bf6269044beffaa526f7bfd66afc1c3bc703d2d592453625ca3429efb11d"}},{"id":"e_vbf75noi","edge_type":"cites-statute","source_id":"pb_hriei44w","target_id":"st_wrfmgtn5","properties":{"citation_text":"35 U.S.C. 102","specificity":"section","source_offset":{"start":371,"end":384}},"provenance":{"source_file":"s2132.html","source_anchor":"ch2100_p_2c18c_14af8_209","source_sha256":"ed86bf6269044beffaa526f7bfd66afc1c3bc703d2d592453625ca3429efb11d"}},{"id":"e_c3ptt7nn","edge_type":"cites-statute","source_id":"pb_hriei44w","target_id":"st_jftolmqq","properties":{"citation_text":"35 U.S.C. 102(b)","specificity":"subsection","source_offset":{"start":449,"end":465}},"provenance":{"source_file":"s2132.html","source_anchor":"ch2100_p_2c18c_14af8_209","source_sha256":"ed86bf6269044beffaa526f7bfd66afc1c3bc703d2d592453625ca3429efb11d"}},{"id":"e_tgqxu4q3","edge_type":"cites-statute","source_id":"pb_hriei44w","target_id":"st_erhyeayh","properties":{"citation_text":"35 U.S.C. 102(e)","specificity":"subsection","source_offset":{"start":533,"end":549}},"provenance":{"source_file":"s2132.html","source_anchor":"ch2100_p_2c18c_14af8_209","source_sha256":"ed86bf6269044beffaa526f7bfd66afc1c3bc703d2d592453625ca3429efb11d"}},{"id":"e_ccjddnrf","edge_type":"cross-references","source_id":"pb_hriei44w","target_id":"se_z4tyd4r3","properties":{"link_text":"MPEP § 2133.02(a)","target_anchor":"ch2100_d2c183_21092_1c6","source_offset":{"start":390,"end":407}},"provenance":{"source_file":"s2132.html","source_anchor":"ch2100_p_2c18c_14af8_209","source_sha256":"ed86bf6269044beffaa526f7bfd66afc1c3bc703d2d592453625ca3429efb11d"}},{"id":"e_5wgfn4lv","edge_type":"cross-references","source_id":"pb_hriei44w","target_id":"se_q2uumi7b","properties":{"link_text":"MPEP § 2136.05","target_anchor":"d0e206333","source_offset":{"start":470,"end":484}},"provenance":{"source_file":"s2132.html","source_anchor":"ch2100_p_2c18c_14af8_209","source_sha256":"ed86bf6269044beffaa526f7bfd66afc1c3bc703d2d592453625ca3429efb11d"}},{"id":"e_2y5m4qw5","edge_type":"cites-statute","source_id":"pb_tgf5qrky","target_id":"st_chovvrcv","properties":{"citation_text":"35 U.S.C. 102(a)","specificity":"subsection","source_offset":{"start":29,"end":45}},"provenance":{"source_file":"s2132.html","source_anchor":"d0e59120","source_sha256":"ed86bf6269044beffaa526f7bfd66afc1c3bc703d2d592453625ca3429efb11d"}},{"id":"e_jykkuhak","edge_type":"cites-statute","source_id":"li_e4iqq5td","target_id":"st_6fovhoei","properties":{"citation_text":"37 CFR 1.131(a)","specificity":"subsection","source_offset":{"start":45,"end":60}},"provenance":{"source_file":"s2132.html","source_anchor":"d0e59135","source_sha256":"ed86bf6269044beffaa526f7bfd66afc1c3bc703d2d592453625ca3429efb11d"}},{"id":"e_ilkcerh7","edge_type":"cites-statute","source_id":"li_e4iqq5td","target_id":"st_6fovhoei","properties":{"citation_text":"37 CFR 1.131(a)","specificity":"subsection","source_offset":{"start":458,"end":473}},"provenance":{"source_file":"s2132.html","source_anchor":"d0e59135","source_sha256":"ed86bf6269044beffaa526f7bfd66afc1c3bc703d2d592453625ca3429efb11d"}},{"id":"e_pmgtxepp","edge_type":"cites-statute","source_id":"li_e4iqq5td","target_id":"st_6fovhoei","properties":{"citation_text":"37 CFR 1.131(a)","specificity":"subsection","source_offset":{"start":684,"end":699}},"provenance":{"source_file":"s2132.html","source_anchor":"d0e59135","source_sha256":"ed86bf6269044beffaa526f7bfd66afc1c3bc703d2d592453625ca3429efb11d"}},{"id":"e_m63k7u45","edge_type":"cites-statute","source_id":"li_e4iqq5td","target_id":"st_3x52cslb","properties":{"citation_text":"37 CFR 41.203(a)","specificity":"subsection","source_offset":{"start":215,"end":231}},"provenance":{"source_file":"s2132.html","source_anchor":"d0e59135","source_sha256":"ed86bf6269044beffaa526f7bfd66afc1c3bc703d2d592453625ca3429efb11d"}},{"id":"e_kqw6bwf3","edge_type":"cross-references","source_id":"li_e4iqq5td","target_id":"se_xahwfirh","properties":{"link_text":"MPEP § 715","target_anchor":"d0e89737","source_offset":{"start":408,"end":418}},"provenance":{"source_file":"s2132.html","source_anchor":"d0e59135","source_sha256":"ed86bf6269044beffaa526f7bfd66afc1c3bc703d2d592453625ca3429efb11d"}},{"id":"e_tsgre6ld","edge_type":"cites-statute","source_id":"li_a346y4ly","target_id":"st_jzb2mm2c","properties":{"citation_text":"37 CFR 1.132","specificity":"section","source_offset":{"start":45,"end":57}},"provenance":{"source_file":"s2132.html","source_anchor":"d0e59154","source_sha256":"ed86bf6269044beffaa526f7bfd66afc1c3bc703d2d592453625ca3429efb11d"}},{"id":"e_mjbrdxra","edge_type":"cross-references","source_id":"li_a346y4ly","target_id":"se_xahwfirh","properties":{"link_text":"MPEP §§ 715.01(a)","target_anchor":"d0e90674","source_offset":{"start":234,"end":251}},"provenance":{"source_file":"s2132.html","source_anchor":"d0e59154","source_sha256":"ed86bf6269044beffaa526f7bfd66afc1c3bc703d2d592453625ca3429efb11d"}},{"id":"e_uxjaklvh","edge_type":"cross-references","source_id":"li_a346y4ly","target_id":"se_swlgvzzt","properties":{"link_text":"716.10","target_anchor":"d0e93797","source_offset":{"start":268,"end":274}},"provenance":{"source_file":"s2132.html","source_anchor":"d0e59154","source_sha256":"ed86bf6269044beffaa526f7bfd66afc1c3bc703d2d592453625ca3429efb11d"}},{"id":"e_4gxrucfg","edge_type":"cites-statute","source_id":"li_z3wabgtf","target_id":"st_hvd7agcp","properties":{"citation_text":"35 U.S.C. 119(a)","specificity":"subsection","source_offset":{"start":56,"end":72}},"provenance":{"source_file":"s2132.html","source_anchor":"d0e59170","source_sha256":"ed86bf6269044beffaa526f7bfd66afc1c3bc703d2d592453625ca3429efb11d"}},{"id":"e_6337ibi5","edge_type":"cross-references","source_id":"li_z3wabgtf","target_id":"se_3pzredzx","properties":{"link_text":"MPEP § 216","target_anchor":"ch200_d1ff72_27189_3b","source_offset":{"start":84,"end":94}},"provenance":{"source_file":"s2132.html","source_anchor":"d0e59170","source_sha256":"ed86bf6269044beffaa526f7bfd66afc1c3bc703d2d592453625ca3429efb11d"}},{"id":"e_x26fl2et","edge_type":"cites-statute","source_id":"li_sfhwdmht","target_id":"st_lovk7ipw","properties":{"citation_text":"35 U.S.C. 119(e)","specificity":"subsection","source_offset":{"start":52,"end":68}},"provenance":{"source_file":"s2132.html","source_anchor":"d0e59180","source_sha256":"ed86bf6269044beffaa526f7bfd66afc1c3bc703d2d592453625ca3429efb11d"}},{"id":"e_ewp27xio","edge_type":"cites-statute","source_id":"li_sfhwdmht","target_id":"st_vfp4s2k5","properties":{"citation_text":"35 U.S.C. 120","specificity":"section","source_offset":{"start":72,"end":75}},"provenance":{"source_file":"s2132.html","source_anchor":"d0e59180","source_sha256":"ed86bf6269044beffaa526f7bfd66afc1c3bc703d2d592453625ca3429efb11d"}},{"id":"e_22xoejug","edge_type":"cross-references","source_id":"li_sfhwdmht","target_id":"se_ydn3gdqc","properties":{"link_text":"MPEP § 211","target_anchor":"ch200_d1ff71_1bd25_18b","source_offset":{"start":81,"end":91}},"provenance":{"source_file":"s2132.html","source_anchor":"d0e59180","source_sha256":"ed86bf6269044beffaa526f7bfd66afc1c3bc703d2d592453625ca3429efb11d"}},{"id":"e_5wwpr6x6","edge_type":"cites-statute","source_id":"pb_36cv7kww","target_id":"st_chovvrcv","properties":{"citation_text":"35 U.S.C. 102(a)","specificity":"subsection","source_offset":{"start":45,"end":61}},"provenance":{"source_file":"s2132.html","source_anchor":"d0e203546","source_sha256":"ed86bf6269044beffaa526f7bfd66afc1c3bc703d2d592453625ca3429efb11d"}},{"id":"e_rrt6uep5","edge_type":"cites-case","source_id":"pb_36cv7kww","target_id":"cs_ewpopc3h","properties":{"citation_text":"In re Katz, 687 F.2d 450, 215 USPQ 14 (CCPA 1982)","source_offset":{"start":387,"end":397}},"provenance":{"source_file":"s2132.html","source_anchor":"d0e203546","source_sha256":"ed86bf6269044beffaa526f7bfd66afc1c3bc703d2d592453625ca3429efb11d"}},{"id":"e_4zx3wbaw","edge_type":"cross-references","source_id":"pb_36cv7kww","target_id":"se_fa4tbzy2","properties":{"link_text":"MPEP § 2128","target_anchor":"d0e202564","source_offset":{"start":442,"end":453}},"provenance":{"source_file":"s2132.html","source_anchor":"d0e203546","source_sha256":"ed86bf6269044beffaa526f7bfd66afc1c3bc703d2d592453625ca3429efb11d"}},{"id":"e_e5j2atvh","edge_type":"cites-statute","source_id":"pb_36cv7kww","target_id":"st_erhyeayh","properties":{"citation_text":"35 U.S.C. 102(e)","specificity":"subsection","source_offset":{"start":719,"end":735}},"provenance":{"source_file":"s2132.html","source_anchor":"d0e203546","source_sha256":"ed86bf6269044beffaa526f7bfd66afc1c3bc703d2d592453625ca3429efb11d"}},{"id":"e_wrq5nvxz","edge_type":"cites-statute","source_id":"pb_36cv7kww","target_id":"st_erhyeayh","properties":{"citation_text":"35 U.S.C. 102(e)","specificity":"subsection","source_offset":{"start":824,"end":840}},"provenance":{"source_file":"s2132.html","source_anchor":"d0e203546","source_sha256":"ed86bf6269044beffaa526f7bfd66afc1c3bc703d2d592453625ca3429efb11d"}},{"id":"e_l52efanm","edge_type":"cross-references","source_id":"pb_36cv7kww","target_id":"se_q2uumi7b","properties":{"link_text":"MPEP § 2136","target_anchor":"d0e205544","source_offset":{"start":766,"end":777}},"provenance":{"source_file":"s2132.html","source_anchor":"d0e203546","source_sha256":"ed86bf6269044beffaa526f7bfd66afc1c3bc703d2d592453625ca3429efb11d"}},{"id":"e_akdy2vjj","edge_type":"cites-statute","source_id":"pb_br74fv4i","target_id":"st_chovvrcv","properties":{"citation_text":"35 U.S.C. 102(a)","specificity":"subsection","source_offset":{"start":198,"end":214}},"provenance":{"source_file":"s2132.html","source_anchor":"d0e203577","source_sha256":"ed86bf6269044beffaa526f7bfd66afc1c3bc703d2d592453625ca3429efb11d"}},{"id":"e_qgrfy3zb","edge_type":"cites-case","source_id":"pb_br74fv4i","target_id":"cs_ewpopc3h","properties":{"citation_text":"In re Katz, 687 F.2d 450, 215 USPQ 14 (CCPA 1982)","source_offset":{"start":216,"end":226}},"provenance":{"source_file":"s2132.html","source_anchor":"d0e203577","source_sha256":"ed86bf6269044beffaa526f7bfd66afc1c3bc703d2d592453625ca3429efb11d"}},{"id":"e_twvct4ul","edge_type":"cites-case","source_id":"pb_br74fv4i","target_id":"cs_ewpopc3h","properties":{"citation_text":"In re Katz, 687 F.2d 450, 215 USPQ 14 (CCPA 1982)","source_offset":{"start":959,"end":969}},"provenance":{"source_file":"s2132.html","source_anchor":"d0e203577","source_sha256":"ed86bf6269044beffaa526f7bfd66afc1c3bc703d2d592453625ca3429efb11d"}},{"id":"e_6ipuvijg","edge_type":"cites-case","source_id":"pb_br74fv4i","target_id":"cs_crmfcmrx","properties":{"citation_text":"Ex parte Hirschler, 110 USPQ 384 (Bd. App. 1952)","source_offset":{"start":718,"end":736}},"provenance":{"source_file":"s2132.html","source_anchor":"d0e203577","source_sha256":"ed86bf6269044beffaa526f7bfd66afc1c3bc703d2d592453625ca3429efb11d"}},{"id":"e_xjdpa5ws","edge_type":"cites-statute","source_id":"pb_br74fv4i","target_id":"st_jzb2mm2c","properties":{"citation_text":"37 CFR 1.132","specificity":"section","source_offset":{"start":1053,"end":1065}},"provenance":{"source_file":"s2132.html","source_anchor":"d0e203577","source_sha256":"ed86bf6269044beffaa526f7bfd66afc1c3bc703d2d592453625ca3429efb11d"}},{"id":"e_heki5r62","edge_type":"cites-case","source_id":"pb_br74fv4i","target_id":"cs_uv53nlnj","properties":{"citation_text":"EmeraChem Holdings, LLC v. Volkswagen Grp. of Am., Inc., 859 F.3d 1341, 123 USPQ2d 1146 (Fed. Cir. 2017)","source_offset":{"start":1295,"end":1350},"pincite":"1345","parenthetical":"finding a declaration insufficient to establish inventorship where it provided no context, explanation, or evidence"},"provenance":{"source_file":"s2132.html","source_anchor":"d0e203577","source_sha256":"ed86bf6269044beffaa526f7bfd66afc1c3bc703d2d592453625ca3429efb11d"}},{"id":"e_xxvctlpw","edge_type":"cites-case","source_id":"pb_br74fv4i","target_id":"cs_5u4nhe5x","properties":{"citation_text":"Ex parte Kroger, 219 USPQ 370 (Bd. App. 1982)","source_offset":{"start":2273,"end":2288}},"provenance":{"source_file":"s2132.html","source_anchor":"d0e203577","source_sha256":"ed86bf6269044beffaa526f7bfd66afc1c3bc703d2d592453625ca3429efb11d"}},{"id":"e_ewjuvhst","edge_type":"cites-statute","source_id":"pb_br74fv4i","target_id":"st_vfhtjzev","properties":{"citation_text":"35 U.S.C. 116","specificity":"section","source_offset":{"start":2469,"end":2482}},"provenance":{"source_file":"s2132.html","source_anchor":"d0e203577","source_sha256":"ed86bf6269044beffaa526f7bfd66afc1c3bc703d2d592453625ca3429efb11d"}},{"id":"e_ndwwkbeb","edge_type":"cites-case","source_id":"pb_br74fv4i","target_id":"cs_tfdbcxph","properties":{"citation_text":"In re Searles, 422 F.2d 431, 164 USPQ 623 (CCPA 1970)","source_offset":{"start":2510,"end":2523}},"provenance":{"source_file":"s2132.html","source_anchor":"d0e203577","source_sha256":"ed86bf6269044beffaa526f7bfd66afc1c3bc703d2d592453625ca3429efb11d"}},{"id":"e_e42ufirt","edge_type":"cites-case","source_id":"pb_4syq67q6","target_id":"cs_ewpopc3h","properties":{"citation_text":"In re Katz, 687 F.2d 450, 215 USPQ 14 (CCPA 1982)","source_offset":{"start":3,"end":13}},"provenance":{"source_file":"s2132.html","source_anchor":"d0e203604","source_sha256":"ed86bf6269044beffaa526f7bfd66afc1c3bc703d2d592453625ca3429efb11d"}},{"id":"e_5272toxu","edge_type":"cites-case","source_id":"pb_5c3j2wkg","target_id":"cs_5u4nhe5x","properties":{"citation_text":"Ex parte Kroger, 219 USPQ 370 (Bd. App. 1982)","source_offset":{"start":3,"end":18}},"provenance":{"source_file":"s2132.html","source_anchor":"d0e203610","source_sha256":"ed86bf6269044beffaa526f7bfd66afc1c3bc703d2d592453625ca3429efb11d"}},{"id":"e_cla45kfg","edge_type":"cites-case","source_id":"pb_5c3j2wkg","target_id":"cs_ewpopc3h","properties":{"citation_text":"In re Katz, 687 F.2d 450, 215 USPQ 14 (CCPA 1982)","source_offset":{"start":561,"end":571}},"provenance":{"source_file":"s2132.html","source_anchor":"d0e203610","source_sha256":"ed86bf6269044beffaa526f7bfd66afc1c3bc703d2d592453625ca3429efb11d"}},{"id":"e_2fq47e4r","edge_type":"cites-statute","source_id":"pb_5c3j2wkg","target_id":"st_f5oboo62","properties":{"citation_text":"35 U.S.C. 102(f)","specificity":"subsection","source_offset":{"start":1022,"end":1038}},"provenance":{"source_file":"s2132.html","source_anchor":"d0e203610","source_sha256":"ed86bf6269044beffaa526f7bfd66afc1c3bc703d2d592453625ca3429efb11d"}},{"id":"e_v3p4jukl","edge_type":"cites-statute","source_id":"pb_5c3j2wkg","target_id":"st_chovvrcv","properties":{"citation_text":"35 U.S.C. 102(a)","specificity":"subsection","source_offset":{"start":1114,"end":1130}},"provenance":{"source_file":"s2132.html","source_anchor":"d0e203610","source_sha256":"ed86bf6269044beffaa526f7bfd66afc1c3bc703d2d592453625ca3429efb11d"}},{"id":"e_ixpuaasm","edge_type":"cites-statute","source_id":"pb_5c3j2wkg","target_id":"st_erhyeayh","properties":{"citation_text":"35 U.S.C. 102(e)","specificity":"subsection","source_offset":{"start":1182,"end":1198}},"provenance":{"source_file":"s2132.html","source_anchor":"d0e203610","source_sha256":"ed86bf6269044beffaa526f7bfd66afc1c3bc703d2d592453625ca3429efb11d"}},{"id":"e_2fj5k3ug","edge_type":"cross-references","source_id":"pb_5c3j2wkg","target_id":"se_q2uumi7b","properties":{"link_text":"MPEP § 2136.05","target_anchor":"d0e206333","source_offset":{"start":1226,"end":1240}},"provenance":{"source_file":"s2132.html","source_anchor":"d0e203610","source_sha256":"ed86bf6269044beffaa526f7bfd66afc1c3bc703d2d592453625ca3429efb11d"}},{"id":"e_3sittxhu","edge_type":"cites-statute","source_id":"pb_2rw6wsi2","target_id":"st_jftolmqq","properties":{"citation_text":"35 U.S.C. 102(b)","specificity":"subsection","source_offset":{"start":56,"end":72}},"provenance":{"source_file":"s2132.html","source_anchor":"d0e203644","source_sha256":"ed86bf6269044beffaa526f7bfd66afc1c3bc703d2d592453625ca3429efb11d"}},{"id":"e_d47snsqm","edge_type":"cites-statute","source_id":"pb_2rw6wsi2","target_id":"st_5xsternl","properties":{"citation_text":"37 CFR 1.131","specificity":"section","source_offset":{"start":203,"end":215}},"provenance":{"source_file":"s2132.html","source_anchor":"d0e203644","source_sha256":"ed86bf6269044beffaa526f7bfd66afc1c3bc703d2d592453625ca3429efb11d"}},{"id":"e_iigdiirq","edge_type":"cites-statute","source_id":"pb_2rw6wsi2","target_id":"st_5xsternl","properties":{"citation_text":"37 CFR 1.131","specificity":"section","source_offset":{"start":416,"end":428}},"provenance":{"source_file":"s2132.html","source_anchor":"d0e203644","source_sha256":"ed86bf6269044beffaa526f7bfd66afc1c3bc703d2d592453625ca3429efb11d"}},{"id":"e_4ecnunw4","edge_type":"cites-statute","source_id":"pb_2rw6wsi2","target_id":"st_5xsternl","properties":{"citation_text":"37 CFR 1.131","specificity":"section","source_offset":{"start":764,"end":776}},"provenance":{"source_file":"s2132.html","source_anchor":"d0e203644","source_sha256":"ed86bf6269044beffaa526f7bfd66afc1c3bc703d2d592453625ca3429efb11d"}},{"id":"e_dyhj6sdn","edge_type":"cites-case","source_id":"pb_2rw6wsi2","target_id":"cs_spsvscjg","properties":{"citation_text":"In re Foster, 343 F.2d 980, 145 USPQ 166 (CCPA 1965)","source_offset":{"start":217,"end":229}},"provenance":{"source_file":"s2132.html","source_anchor":"d0e203644","source_sha256":"ed86bf6269044beffaa526f7bfd66afc1c3bc703d2d592453625ca3429efb11d"}},{"id":"e_hepu76cz","edge_type":"cites-statute","source_id":"pb_2rw6wsi2","target_id":"st_jzb2mm2c","properties":{"citation_text":"37 CFR 1.132","specificity":"section","source_offset":{"start":470,"end":482}},"provenance":{"source_file":"s2132.html","source_anchor":"d0e203644","source_sha256":"ed86bf6269044beffaa526f7bfd66afc1c3bc703d2d592453625ca3429efb11d"}},{"id":"e_o2azx4lg","edge_type":"cites-case","source_id":"pb_2rw6wsi2","target_id":"cs_um7taju4","properties":{"citation_text":"In re Facius, 408 F.2d 1396, 161 USPQ 294 (CCPA 1969)","source_offset":{"start":646,"end":658}},"provenance":{"source_file":"s2132.html","source_anchor":"d0e203644","source_sha256":"ed86bf6269044beffaa526f7bfd66afc1c3bc703d2d592453625ca3429efb11d"}},{"id":"e_7jcrii3b","edge_type":"cross-references","source_id":"pb_2rw6wsi2","target_id":"se_xahwfirh","properties":{"link_text":"MPEP § 715","target_anchor":"d0e89737","source_offset":{"start":705,"end":715}},"provenance":{"source_file":"s2132.html","source_anchor":"d0e203644","source_sha256":"ed86bf6269044beffaa526f7bfd66afc1c3bc703d2d592453625ca3429efb11d"}}]}}