[Editor Note: This MPEP section is only applicable to applications\n subject to examination under the first inventor to file (FITF) provisions of the AIA as\n set forth in 35 U.S.C. 100 (note). See MPEP §\n 2159 et seq. to determine whether an application is subject to\n examination under the FITF provisions, and MPEP § 2141-MPEP § 2146 for\n information on pre-AIA\n 35 U.S.C. 103 and AIA 35 U.S.C. 103.]
","rendered_text_plain":"[Editor Note: This MPEP section is only applicable to applications subject to examination under the first inventor to file (FITF) provisions of the AIA as set forth in 35 U.S.C. 100 (note). See MPEP § 2159 et seq. to determine whether an application is subject to examination under the FITF provisions, and MPEP § 2141-MPEP § 2146 for information on pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 103 and AIA 35 U.S.C. 103.]","provenance":{"source_file":"s2158.html","source_anchor":"ch2100_d20034_1c3c1_e","source_sha256":"814c7ef4177f61a1b6af9581b603c13e54fadaddde52dbca30e529f345c2c267"},"kind":"narrative","host_section_id":"se_npjbh7rm","tags":["editorial_note"]},{"id":"pb_a2li6l2f","node_type":"prose_block","corpus_id":"mpep-e9r01-2024-html","opaque_url":"https://mpep.io/n/pb_a2li6l2f","effective_range":{"start_revision":"R-07.2022","end_revision":null},"rendered_text_html":"AIA 35 U.S.C.\n 103 sets forth the nonobviousness requirement for patentability.\n There are, however, some important changes from pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 103.\n
","rendered_text_plain":"AIA 35 U.S.C. 103 sets forth the nonobviousness requirement for patentability. There are, however, some important changes from pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 103.","provenance":{"source_file":"s2158.html","source_anchor":"ch2100_d20034_1c3c5_2ec","source_sha256":"814c7ef4177f61a1b6af9581b603c13e54fadaddde52dbca30e529f345c2c267"},"kind":"narrative","host_section_id":"se_npjbh7rm"},{"id":"pb_wo72kvml","node_type":"prose_block","corpus_id":"mpep-e9r01-2024-html","opaque_url":"https://mpep.io/n/pb_wo72kvml","effective_range":{"start_revision":"R-07.2022","end_revision":null},"rendered_text_html":"The most significant difference between the\n AIA 35 U.S.C.\n 103 and pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 103(a) is that\n AIA 35 U.S.C.\n 103 determines obviousness before the effective filing date of the\n claimed invention, rather than as of the time that the claimed invention was made. Under\n pre-AIA examination practice, the Office uses the effective filing date as a proxy for the\n invention date, unless there is evidence of record to establish an earlier date of\n invention. Thus, as a practical matter during examination, this distinction between the\n AIA 35 U.S.C.\n 103 and pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 103 will result in a\n difference in practice only when the case under examination is subject to pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 103\n , and there is evidence in the case concerning a date of invention prior to the effective\n filing date. Such evidence is ordinarily presented by way of an affidavit or declaration\n under 37 CFR\n 1.131.\n
","rendered_text_plain":"The most significant difference between the AIA 35 U.S.C. 103 and pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 103(a) is that AIA 35 U.S.C. 103 determines obviousness before the effective filing date of the claimed invention, rather than as of the time that the claimed invention was made. Under pre-AIA examination practice, the Office uses the effective filing date as a proxy for the invention date, unless there is evidence of record to establish an earlier date of invention. Thus, as a practical matter during examination, this distinction between the AIA 35 U.S.C. 103 and pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 103 will result in a difference in practice only when the case under examination is subject to pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 103 , and there is evidence in the case concerning a date of invention prior to the effective filing date. Such evidence is ordinarily presented by way of an affidavit or declaration under 37 CFR 1.131.","provenance":{"source_file":"s2158.html","source_anchor":"ch2100_d20034_1c40a_28b","source_sha256":"814c7ef4177f61a1b6af9581b603c13e54fadaddde52dbca30e529f345c2c267"},"kind":"narrative","host_section_id":"se_npjbh7rm"},{"id":"pb_phaizqpv","node_type":"prose_block","corpus_id":"mpep-e9r01-2024-html","opaque_url":"https://mpep.io/n/pb_phaizqpv","effective_range":{"start_revision":"R-07.2022","end_revision":null},"rendered_text_html":"Next, the language of AIA 35 U.S.C.\n 103 differs from that of pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 103 in that\n AIA 35 U.S.C.\n 103 requires consideration of “the differences between the claimed\n invention and the prior art,” while pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 103 refers to “the\n differences between the subject matter sought to be patented and the prior art.” This\n difference in terminology does not indicate the need for any difference in approach to the\n question of obviousness. As pointed out by the Federal Circuit, “[t]he term ‘claims' has\n been used in patent legislation since the Patent Act of 1836 to define the invention that\n an applicant believes is patentable.” Hoechst-Roussel Pharms., Inc. v.\n Lehman, 109 F.3d 756, 758, 42 USPQ2d 1220, 1222 (Fed. Cir. 1997) (citing Act\n of July 4, 1836, ch. 357, § 6, 5 Stat. 117). Furthermore, in Graham v. John\n Deere, the second of the Supreme Court's factual inquiries (the “Graham\n factors”) is that the “differences between the prior art and the claims at issue are to be\n ascertained.” 383 U.S. 1, 17, 148 USPQ 459, 467. Thus, in interpreting 35 U.S.C. 103 as\n enacted in the 1952 Patent Act—language that remained unchanged until enactment of the\n AIA—the Court equated “the subject matter sought to be patented” with the claims.\n
","rendered_text_plain":"Next, the language of AIA 35 U.S.C. 103 differs from that of pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 103 in that AIA 35 U.S.C. 103 requires consideration of “the differences between the claimed invention and the prior art,” while pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 103 refers to “the differences between the subject matter sought to be patented and the prior art.” This difference in terminology does not indicate the need for any difference in approach to the question of obviousness. As pointed out by the Federal Circuit, “[t]he term ‘claims' has been used in patent legislation since the Patent Act of 1836 to define the invention that an applicant believes is patentable.” Hoechst-Roussel Pharms., Inc. v. Lehman, 109 F.3d 756, 758, 42 USPQ2d 1220, 1222 (Fed. Cir. 1997) (citing Act of July 4, 1836, ch. 357, § 6, 5 Stat. 117). Furthermore, in Graham v. John Deere, the second of the Supreme Court's factual inquiries (the “Graham factors”) is that the “differences between the prior art and the claims at issue are to be ascertained.” 383 U.S. 1, 17, 148 USPQ 459, 467. Thus, in interpreting 35 U.S.C. 103 as enacted in the 1952 Patent Act—language that remained unchanged until enactment of the AIA—the Court equated “the subject matter sought to be patented” with the claims.","provenance":{"source_file":"s2158.html","source_anchor":"ch2100_d20034_1c413_1f0","source_sha256":"814c7ef4177f61a1b6af9581b603c13e54fadaddde52dbca30e529f345c2c267"},"kind":"narrative","host_section_id":"se_npjbh7rm"},{"id":"pb_fe45pw3u","node_type":"prose_block","corpus_id":"mpep-e9r01-2024-html","opaque_url":"https://mpep.io/n/pb_fe45pw3u","effective_range":{"start_revision":"R-07.2022","end_revision":null},"rendered_text_html":"Further, AIA 35 U.S.C. 103 does not contain any\n provision similar to pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 103(b). Pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 103(b) is narrowly\n drawn, applying only to nonobviousness of biotechnological inventions, and even then, only\n when specifically invoked by the patent applicant. Pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 103(b) provides that\n under certain conditions, “a biotechnological process using or resulting in a composition\n of matter that is novel under section 102 and nonobvious under\n subsection [103(a)] of this section shall be considered nonobvious.” In view of\n the case law since 1995, the need to invoke pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 103(b) has been rare.\n As stated in MPEP § 2147, in view of the Federal Circuit's decisions in\n In re Ochiai, 71 F.3d 1565, 37 USPQ2d 1127 (Fed. Cir. 1995) and\n In re Brouwer, 77 F.3d 422, 37 USPQ2d 1663 (Fed. Cir. 1996), the need\n to invoke pre-AIA 35\n U.S.C. 103(b) rarely arose. Those cases continue to retain their\n validity under the AIA.\n
","rendered_text_plain":"Further, AIA 35 U.S.C. 103 does not contain any provision similar to pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 103(b). Pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 103(b) is narrowly drawn, applying only to nonobviousness of biotechnological inventions, and even then, only when specifically invoked by the patent applicant. Pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 103(b) provides that under certain conditions, “a biotechnological process using or resulting in a composition of matter that is novel under section 102 and nonobvious under subsection [103(a)] of this section shall be considered nonobvious.” In view of the case law since 1995, the need to invoke pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 103(b) has been rare. As stated in MPEP § 2147, in view of the Federal Circuit's decisions in In re Ochiai, 71 F.3d 1565, 37 USPQ2d 1127 (Fed. Cir. 1995) and In re Brouwer, 77 F.3d 422, 37 USPQ2d 1663 (Fed. Cir. 1996), the need to invoke pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 103(b) rarely arose. Those cases continue to retain their validity under the AIA.","provenance":{"source_file":"s2158.html","source_anchor":"ch2100_d20034_1c41c_29d","source_sha256":"814c7ef4177f61a1b6af9581b603c13e54fadaddde52dbca30e529f345c2c267"},"kind":"narrative","host_section_id":"se_npjbh7rm"},{"id":"pb_xvy5wsid","node_type":"prose_block","corpus_id":"mpep-e9r01-2024-html","opaque_url":"https://mpep.io/n/pb_xvy5wsid","effective_range":{"start_revision":"R-07.2022","end_revision":null},"rendered_text_html":"AIA 35 U.S.C. 103 also eliminates\n pre-AIA 35 U.S.C.\n 103(c), but corresponding provisions have been introduced in\n AIA 35\n U.S.C. 102(b)(2)(C) and 102(c). Pre-AIA 35 U.S.C.\n 103(c) applied if subject matter qualified as prior art only under\n pre-AIA 35 U.S.C.\n 102(e), (f), and/or (g), and only in the\n context of obviousness under pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 103(a). If subject\n matter developed by another person was commonly owned with the claimed invention, or if the\n subject matter was subject to an obligation of assignment to the same person, at the time\n the claimed invention was made, then pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 103(a) did not\n preclude patentability. Furthermore, under pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 103(c), if a joint\n research agreement was in place on or before the date that the claimed invention was made,\n the claimed invention was made as a result of activities undertaken within the scope of the\n joint research agreement, and the application for patent disclosed or was amended to\n disclose the names of the parties to the joint research agreement, common ownership or an\n obligation to assign was deemed to exist. As discussed previously, AIA 35 U.S.C.\n 102(b)(2)(C) and 102(c) expand on this concept. Under\n the AIA, the common ownership, obligation to assign, or joint research agreement must exist\n on or before the effective filing date of the claimed invention, rather than on or before\n the date the invention was made. If the provisions of AIA 35 U.S.C.\n 102(b)(2)(C) are met, a disclosure is not prior art at all, whereas\n under pre-AIA 35 U.S.C.\n 103(c) , certain prior art merely was defined as not precluding\n patentability. Finally, disclosures excepted as prior art under AIA 35 U.S.C.\n 102(b)(2)(C) and 102(c) may not be applied in either an\n anticipation or an obviousness rejection, or as a secondary reference in a non-statutory\n double patenting rejection. In short, when an exception applies under the AIA, a reference\n may not be used for any purpose which requires prior art. However, the claims of such\n disclosures could be the basis for statutory double patenting or non-statutory double\n patenting rejections.\n
","rendered_text_plain":"AIA 35 U.S.C. 103 also eliminates pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 103(c), but corresponding provisions have been introduced in AIA 35 U.S.C. 102(b)(2)(C) and 102(c). Pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 103(c) applied if subject matter qualified as prior art only under pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 102(e), (f), and/or (g), and only in the context of obviousness under pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 103(a). If subject matter developed by another person was commonly owned with the claimed invention, or if the subject matter was subject to an obligation of assignment to the same person, at the time the claimed invention was made, then pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 103(a) did not preclude patentability. Furthermore, under pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 103(c), if a joint research agreement was in place on or before the date that the claimed invention was made, the claimed invention was made as a result of activities undertaken within the scope of the joint research agreement, and the application for patent disclosed or was amended to disclose the names of the parties to the joint research agreement, common ownership or an obligation to assign was deemed to exist. As discussed previously, AIA 35 U.S.C. 102(b)(2)(C) and 102(c) expand on this concept. Under the AIA, the common ownership, obligation to assign, or joint research agreement must exist on or before the effective filing date of the claimed invention, rather than on or before the date the invention was made. If the provisions of AIA 35 U.S.C. 102(b)(2)(C) are met, a disclosure is not prior art at all, whereas under pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 103(c) , certain prior art merely was defined as not precluding patentability. Finally, disclosures excepted as prior art under AIA 35 U.S.C. 102(b)(2)(C) and 102(c) may not be applied in either an anticipation or an obviousness rejection, or as a secondary reference in a non-statutory double patenting rejection. In short, when an exception applies under the AIA, a reference may not be used for any purpose which requires prior art. However, the claims of such disclosures could be the basis for statutory double patenting or non-statutory double patenting rejections.","provenance":{"source_file":"s2158.html","source_anchor":"ch2100_d20034_1c429_24c","source_sha256":"814c7ef4177f61a1b6af9581b603c13e54fadaddde52dbca30e529f345c2c267"},"kind":"narrative","host_section_id":"se_npjbh7rm"},{"id":"pb_c6oewk5y","node_type":"prose_block","corpus_id":"mpep-e9r01-2024-html","opaque_url":"https://mpep.io/n/pb_c6oewk5y","effective_range":{"start_revision":"R-07.2022","end_revision":null},"rendered_text_html":"Generally speaking, and with the exceptions noted herein,\n pre-AIA notions of obviousness continue to apply under the AIA. AIA 35 U.S.C.\n 102(a) defines what is prior art both for purposes of novelty under\n AIA 35 U.S.C.\n 102 as well as for purposes of obviousness under AIA 35 U.S.C.\n 103. See Hazeltine Res., Inc. v. Brenner, 382 U.S.\n 252, 256, 147 USPQ 429, 430 (1965) (a previously filed patent application to another\n pending in the Office, but not patented or published, at the time an application is filed\n constitutes part of the “prior art” within the meaning of 35 U.S.C. 103). Thus,\n if a document qualifies as prior art under AIA 35 U.S.C. 102(a)(1) or\n (a)(2), and is not subject to an exception under AIA 35 U.S.C.\n 102(b), it may be applied for what it describes or teaches to those\n skilled in the art in a rejection under AIA 35 U.S.C. 103. This is in\n accordance with pre-AIA case law indicating that in making determinations under\n 35 U.S.C.\n 103, “it must be known whether a patent or publication is in the\n prior art under 35 U.S.C.\n 102.” Panduit Corp. v. Dennison Mfg. Co., 810 F.2d\n 1561, 1568, 1 USPQ2d 1593, 1597 (Fed. Cir. 1987). However, while a disclosure must enable\n those skilled in the art to make the invention in order to anticipate under\n 35 U.S.C.\n 102, a non-enabling disclosure is prior art for all it teaches for\n purposes of determining obviousness under 35 U.S.C. 103 . Symbol Techs.\n Inc. v. Opticon Inc., 935 F.2d 1569, 1578, 19 USPQ2d 1241, 1247 (Fed. Cir.\n 1991); Beckman Instruments v. LKB Produkter AB, 892 F.2d 1547, 1551, 13\n USPQ2d 1301, 1304 (Fed. Cir. 1989) (“Even if a reference discloses an inoperative device,\n it is prior art for all that it teaches.”). Office personnel should continue to follow\n guidance for formulating an appropriate rationale to support any conclusion of obviousness.\n See MPEP §\n 2141 et seq. and the guidance documents available at https://www.uspto.gov/PatentExaminationGuidance.\n
","rendered_text_plain":"Generally speaking, and with the exceptions noted herein, pre-AIA notions of obviousness continue to apply under the AIA. AIA 35 U.S.C. 102(a) defines what is prior art both for purposes of novelty under AIA 35 U.S.C. 102 as well as for purposes of obviousness under AIA 35 U.S.C. 103. See Hazeltine Res., Inc. v. Brenner, 382 U.S. 252, 256, 147 USPQ 429, 430 (1965) (a previously filed patent application to another pending in the Office, but not patented or published, at the time an application is filed constitutes part of the “prior art” within the meaning of 35 U.S.C. 103). Thus, if a document qualifies as prior art under AIA 35 U.S.C. 102(a)(1) or (a)(2), and is not subject to an exception under AIA 35 U.S.C. 102(b), it may be applied for what it describes or teaches to those skilled in the art in a rejection under AIA 35 U.S.C. 103. This is in accordance with pre-AIA case law indicating that in making determinations under 35 U.S.C. 103, “it must be known whether a patent or publication is in the prior art under 35 U.S.C. 102.” Panduit Corp. v. Dennison Mfg. Co., 810 F.2d 1561, 1568, 1 USPQ2d 1593, 1597 (Fed. Cir. 1987). However, while a disclosure must enable those skilled in the art to make the invention in order to anticipate under 35 U.S.C. 102, a non-enabling disclosure is prior art for all it teaches for purposes of determining obviousness under 35 U.S.C. 103 . Symbol Techs. Inc. v. Opticon Inc., 935 F.2d 1569, 1578, 19 USPQ2d 1241, 1247 (Fed. Cir. 1991); Beckman Instruments v. LKB Produkter AB, 892 F.2d 1547, 1551, 13 USPQ2d 1301, 1304 (Fed. Cir. 1989) (“Even if a reference discloses an inoperative device, it is prior art for all that it teaches.”). Office personnel should continue to follow guidance for formulating an appropriate rationale to support any conclusion of obviousness. See MPEP § 2141 et seq. and the guidance documents available at https://www.uspto.gov/PatentExaminationGuidance.","provenance":{"source_file":"s2158.html","source_anchor":"ch2100_d20034_1c45e_2","source_sha256":"814c7ef4177f61a1b6af9581b603c13e54fadaddde52dbca30e529f345c2c267"},"kind":"narrative","host_section_id":"se_npjbh7rm"},{"id":"pb_qkkwl7ip","node_type":"prose_block","corpus_id":"mpep-e9r01-2024-html","opaque_url":"https://mpep.io/n/pb_qkkwl7ip","effective_range":{"start_revision":"R-07.2022","end_revision":null},"rendered_text_html":"The following form paragraphs should be used in making\n the appropriate rejections under 35 U.S.C. 103.\n
","rendered_text_plain":"The following form paragraphs should be used in making the appropriate rejections under 35 U.S.C. 103.","provenance":{"source_file":"s2158.html","source_anchor":"ch2100_p_2c184_14217_1ce","source_sha256":"814c7ef4177f61a1b6af9581b603c13e54fadaddde52dbca30e529f345c2c267"},"kind":"narrative","host_section_id":"se_hra3bgj2"},{"id":"fp_bdjlk4mm","node_type":"form_paragraph","corpus_id":"mpep-e9r01-2024-html","opaque_url":"https://mpep.io/n/fp_bdjlk4mm","effective_range":{"start_revision":"R-07.2022","end_revision":null},"rendered_text_html":"","rendered_text_plain":"","provenance":{"source_file":"s2158.html","source_anchor":"fp7.06","source_sha256":"814c7ef4177f61a1b6af9581b603c13e54fadaddde52dbca30e529f345c2c267"},"akn_urn":"/akn/us/statement/manual/uspto/2024/mpep/eng@2024-02-29!fp_7_06","canonical_url":"https://mpep.io/akn/us/statement/manual/uspto/2024/mpep/eng@2024-02-29!fp_7_06","form_paragraph_number":"7.06","title":"Notice re prior art available under both pre-AIA and AIA","body_html":"In the event the determination of the status of the application as subject\n to AIA 35 U.S.C.\n 102 and 103 (or as subject to pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 102\n and 103)\n is incorrect, any correction of the statutory basis (i.e., changing from AIA to pre-AIA) for\n the rejection will not be considered a new ground of rejection if the prior art relied upon,\n and the rationale supporting the rejection, would be the same under either status.\n
","placeholders":[],"appears_in_section_ids":["se_hra3bgj2"]},{"id":"fp_nsv3bvpm","node_type":"form_paragraph","corpus_id":"mpep-e9r01-2024-html","opaque_url":"https://mpep.io/n/fp_nsv3bvpm","effective_range":{"start_revision":"R-07.2022","end_revision":null},"rendered_text_html":"","rendered_text_plain":"","provenance":{"source_file":"s2158.html","source_anchor":"fp7.20.aia","source_sha256":"814c7ef4177f61a1b6af9581b603c13e54fadaddde52dbca30e529f345c2c267"},"akn_urn":"/akn/us/statement/manual/uspto/2024/mpep/eng@2024-02-29!fp_7_20_aia","canonical_url":"https://mpep.io/akn/us/statement/manual/uspto/2024/mpep/eng@2024-02-29!fp_7_20_aia","form_paragraph_number":"7.20","title":"Statement of Statutory Basis, 35 U.S.C. 103","body_html":"The following is a quotation of 35 U.S.C. 103\n which forms the basis for all obviousness rejections set forth in this Office\n action:\n
\n\n","placeholders":[],"appears_in_section_ids":["se_hra3bgj2"]},{"id":"fp_diwspwls","node_type":"form_paragraph","corpus_id":"mpep-e9r01-2024-html","opaque_url":"https://mpep.io/n/fp_diwspwls","effective_range":{"start_revision":"R-07.2022","end_revision":null},"rendered_text_html":"","rendered_text_plain":"","provenance":{"source_file":"s2158.html","source_anchor":"fp7.20.01.aia","source_sha256":"814c7ef4177f61a1b6af9581b603c13e54fadaddde52dbca30e529f345c2c267"},"akn_urn":"/akn/us/statement/manual/uspto/2024/mpep/eng@2024-02-29!fp_7_20_01_aia","canonical_url":"https://mpep.io/akn/us/statement/manual/uspto/2024/mpep/eng@2024-02-29!fp_7_20_01_aia","form_paragraph_number":"7.20.01","title":"103 Rejection Using Prior Art Excepted Under 102(b)(2)(C) Because Reference is Prior Art Under 102(a)(1)","body_html":"A patent for a claimed invention may not be obtained,\n notwithstanding that the claimed invention is not identically disclosed as set forth in\n section 102, if the differences between the claimed invention and the prior\n art are such that the claimed invention as a whole would have been obvious before the\n effective filing date of the claimed invention to a person having ordinary skill in the art\n to which the claimed invention pertains. Patentability shall not be negated by the manner\n in which the invention was made.\n
\n
Applicant has provided a submission in this file that the claimed\n invention and the subject matter disclosed in the prior art reference were owned by, or\n subject to an obligation of assignment to, the same entity as [1] not later than\n the effective filing date of the claimed invention, or the subject matter disclosed in the\n prior art reference was developed and the claimed invention was made by, or on behalf of one\n or more parties to a joint research agreement not later than the effective filing date of the\n claimed invention. However, although subject matter disclosed in the reference\n [2] has been excepted as prior art under 35 U.S.C.\n 102(a)(2), it is still applicable as prior art under 35 U.S.C.\n 102(a)(1) that cannot be excepted under 35 U.S.C.\n 102(b)(2)(C).\n
\nApplicant may overcome this rejection under 35 U.S.C.\n 102(a)(1) by a showing under 37 CFR 1.130(a) that the subject matter\n disclosed in the reference was obtained directly or indirectly from the inventor or a joint\n inventor of this application, and is therefore, not prior art as set forth in\n 35 U.S.C.\n 102(b)(1)(A). Alternatively, applicant may rely on the exception under\n 35 U.S.C.\n 102(b)(1)(B) by providing evidence of a prior public disclosure via an\n affidavit or declaration under 37 CFR 1.130(b).\n
","placeholders":[{"index":1,"position_in_text":216,"inferred_slot_type":null},{"index":2,"position_in_text":592,"inferred_slot_type":null}],"appears_in_section_ids":["se_hra3bgj2"]},{"id":"fp_t5hi5yed","node_type":"form_paragraph","corpus_id":"mpep-e9r01-2024-html","opaque_url":"https://mpep.io/n/fp_t5hi5yed","effective_range":{"start_revision":"R-07.2022","end_revision":null},"rendered_text_html":"","rendered_text_plain":"","provenance":{"source_file":"s2158.html","source_anchor":"fp7.20.02.aia","source_sha256":"814c7ef4177f61a1b6af9581b603c13e54fadaddde52dbca30e529f345c2c267"},"akn_urn":"/akn/us/statement/manual/uspto/2024/mpep/eng@2024-02-29!fp_7_20_02_aia","canonical_url":"https://mpep.io/akn/us/statement/manual/uspto/2024/mpep/eng@2024-02-29!fp_7_20_02_aia","form_paragraph_number":"7.20.02","title":"Joint Inventors, Common Ownership Presumed","body_html":"This application currently names joint inventors. In\n considering patentability of the claims the examiner presumes that the subject matter of the\n various claims was commonly owned at the time any inventions covered therein were effectively\n filed absent any evidence to the contrary. Applicant is advised of the obligation under\n 37 CFR\n 1.56 to point out the inventor and effective filing dates of each claim\n that was not commonly owned at the time a later invention was effectively filed in order for\n the examiner to consider the applicability of 35 U.S.C.\n 102(b)(2)(C) for any potential 35 U.S.C.\n 102(a)(2) prior art against the later invention.\n
","placeholders":[],"appears_in_section_ids":["se_hra3bgj2"]},{"id":"fp_iljrciet","node_type":"form_paragraph","corpus_id":"mpep-e9r01-2024-html","opaque_url":"https://mpep.io/n/fp_iljrciet","effective_range":{"start_revision":"R-07.2022","end_revision":null},"rendered_text_html":"","rendered_text_plain":"","provenance":{"source_file":"s2158.html","source_anchor":"fp7.20.04.aia","source_sha256":"814c7ef4177f61a1b6af9581b603c13e54fadaddde52dbca30e529f345c2c267"},"akn_urn":"/akn/us/statement/manual/uspto/2024/mpep/eng@2024-02-29!fp_7_20_04_aia","canonical_url":"https://mpep.io/akn/us/statement/manual/uspto/2024/mpep/eng@2024-02-29!fp_7_20_04_aia","form_paragraph_number":"7.20.04","title":"102 or 103 Rejection Using Prior Art Under 102(a)(2) That Is Attempted To Be Excepted Under 35 U.S.C. 102(b)(2)(C) Using the Common Ownership or Assignment Provision","body_html":"Applicant has attempted to show that subject matter disclosed in the\n reference [1] is excepted as prior art under 35 U.S.C.\n 102(b)(2)(C) by showing that the claimed invention was owned by, or\n subject to an obligation of assignment to, the same entity as [2] at the time the\n claimed invention was effectively filed. However, applicant has failed to provide a statement\n that the claimed invention and the subject matter disclosed were owned by, or subject to an\n obligation of assignment to, the same person no later than the effective filing date of the\n claimed invention in a conspicuous manner, and therefore, the subject matter disclosed in the\n reference is not excepted as prior art under 35 U.S.C. 102(a)(2). Applicant must file\n the required submission in order to properly except the subject matter under 35 U.S.C.\n 102(b)(2)(C). See MPEP § 2154.02(c).\n
\nIn addition, applicant may rely upon the exception under\n 35 U.S.C.\n 102(b)(2)(A) to overcome the rejection under 35 U.S.C.\n 102(a)(2) either by a showing under 37 CFR 1.130(a) that the subject matter\n disclosed in the reference was obtained directly or indirectly from the inventor or a joint\n inventor of this application, and is therefore not prior art under 35 U.S.C.\n 102(a)(2). Alternatively, applicant may rely on the exception under\n 35 U.S.C.\n 102(b)(2)(B) by providing evidence of a prior public disclosure via an\n affidavit or declaration under 37 CFR 1.130(b). \n
","placeholders":[{"index":1,"position_in_text":79,"inferred_slot_type":null},{"index":2,"position_in_text":254,"inferred_slot_type":null}],"appears_in_section_ids":["se_hra3bgj2"]},{"id":"fp_r24c35in","node_type":"form_paragraph","corpus_id":"mpep-e9r01-2024-html","opaque_url":"https://mpep.io/n/fp_r24c35in","effective_range":{"start_revision":"R-07.2022","end_revision":null},"rendered_text_html":"","rendered_text_plain":"","provenance":{"source_file":"s2158.html","source_anchor":"fp7.20.05.aia","source_sha256":"814c7ef4177f61a1b6af9581b603c13e54fadaddde52dbca30e529f345c2c267"},"akn_urn":"/akn/us/statement/manual/uspto/2024/mpep/eng@2024-02-29!fp_7_20_05_aia","canonical_url":"https://mpep.io/akn/us/statement/manual/uspto/2024/mpep/eng@2024-02-29!fp_7_20_05_aia","form_paragraph_number":"7.20.05","title":"102 or 103 Rejection Using Prior Art Under 102(a)(2) That Is Attempted To Be Excepted Under 35 U.S.C. 102(b)(2)(C) Using the Joint Research Agreement Provisions of 35 U.S.C. 102(c)","body_html":"Applicant has attempted to show that subject matter disclosed in the\n reference [1] is excepted as prior art under 35 U.S.C.\n 102(b)(2)(C) by showing that the claimed invention was subject to a\n joint research agreement in effect not later than the effective filing date of the claimed\n invention. However, applicant has failed to [2]. Applicant must file the missing\n requirements in order to properly except the subject matter disclosed in the reference under\n 35 U.S.C.\n 102(b)(2)(C). See 37 CFR 1.71(g)(1) and 1.104(c)(4)(ii).\n
\nIn addition, applicant may overcome the rejection either by a showing\n under 37 CFR\n 1.130(a) that the subject matter disclosed in the reference was\n obtained, either directly or indirectly from the inventor or a joint inventor of this\n application, and is therefore, not prior art under 35 U.S.C.\n 102(a)(2). Alternatively, applicant may rely on the exception under\n 35 U.S.C.\n 102(b)(2)(B) by providing evidence of a prior public disclosure via an\n affidavit or declaration under 37 CFR 1.130(b).\n
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","placeholders":[{"index":1,"position_in_text":6,"inferred_slot_type":null},{"index":2,"position_in_text":73,"inferred_slot_type":null}],"appears_in_section_ids":["se_hra3bgj2"]},{"id":"fp_7ho6wvdz","node_type":"form_paragraph","corpus_id":"mpep-e9r01-2024-html","opaque_url":"https://mpep.io/n/fp_7ho6wvdz","effective_range":{"start_revision":"R-07.2022","end_revision":null},"rendered_text_html":"","rendered_text_plain":"","provenance":{"source_file":"s2158.html","source_anchor":"fp7.21.01.aia","source_sha256":"814c7ef4177f61a1b6af9581b603c13e54fadaddde52dbca30e529f345c2c267"},"akn_urn":"/akn/us/statement/manual/uspto/2024/mpep/eng@2024-02-29!fp_7_21_01_aia","canonical_url":"https://mpep.io/akn/us/statement/manual/uspto/2024/mpep/eng@2024-02-29!fp_7_21_01_aia","form_paragraph_number":"7.21.01","title":"Provisional Rejection, 35 U.S.C. 103, Common Assignee, Common Applicant, or at Least One Common (Joint) Inventor","body_html":"Claim [1] is/are provisionally rejected under\n 35 U.S.C.\n 103 as being obvious over copending Application No. [2]\n which has a common [3] with the instant application. The copending\n application would constitute prior art under 35 U.S.C. 102(a)(2) if published or\n patented. This provisional rejection under 35 U.S.C. 103 is based upon a presumption\n of future publication or patenting of the copending application. [4]
\nThis provisional rejection might be overcome by: (1) a showing under\n 37 CFR\n 1.130(a) that the subject matter disclosed in the copending application\n was obtained directly or indirectly from the inventor or a joint inventor of this application\n and is thus not prior art in accordance with 35 U.S.C. 102(b)(2)(A); (2) a showing\n under 37 CFR\n 1.130(b) of a prior public disclosure under 35 U.S.C.\n 102(b)(2)(B); or (3) a statement pursuant to 35 U.S.C.\n 102(b)(2)(C) establishing that, not later than the effective filing date\n of the claimed invention, the subject matter disclosed in the copending application and the\n claimed invention either were owned by the same person or subject to an obligation of\n assignment to the same person or subject to a joint research agreement. See generally\n MPEP §\n 717.02.\n
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\nThe applied reference has a common [3] with the instant\n application. Based upon the earlier effectively filed date of the reference, it constitutes\n prior art under 35\n U.S.C. 102(a)(2). [4]
\nThis rejection under 35 U.S.C. 103 might be overcome by: (1) a\n showing under 37 CFR\n 1.130(a) that the subject matter disclosed in the reference was obtained\n directly or indirectly from the inventor or a joint inventor of this application and is thus\n not prior art in accordance with 35 U.S.C. 102(b)(2)(A); (2) a showing\n under 37 CFR\n 1.130(b) of a prior public disclosure under 35 U.S.C.\n 102(b)(2)(B); or (3) a statement pursuant to 35 U.S.C.\n 102(b)(2)(C) establishing that, not later than the effective filing date\n of the claimed invention, the subject matter disclosed and the claimed invention were either\n owned by the same person or subject to an obligation of assignment to the same person or\n subject to a joint research agreement. See generally MPEP § 717.02. \n
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\nClaim(s) [1] is/are rejected under 35 U.S.C.\n 102([2]) as anticipated by or, in the alternative, under\n 35 U.S.C.\n 103 as obvious over [3]. \n
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